下拉查看目录

同位语及同位语从句的表示法和判别 | 新编英语阅读手册

同位语及同位语从句的表示法和判别

同位语及同位语从句的表示法和判别

在某一句子成分后面有另外的词、短语或从句(同位语从句)对该成分作进一步说明,在语法上又处于同一地位(即作同一个成分),称为同位语。

一、同位语在所说明的句子成分之后,其间没有逗号

  1. Unlike oxygen, the element nitrogen is not active. 与氧不同,元素氮不活泼。(unlike 为介词。)
  2. In today’s China, we returned students are able to do what we could not do before. 在今日的中国我们归国留学生能做过去不能做的事情。
  3. Thanks to the help of the experts they each all obtained great success. 多亏专家的帮助,他们各位都取得了很大的成功。(thanks to 为复合介词。)
  4. They are all familiar with TV home shopping. 他们都熟悉在家进行电视购物。(谓语是 be 时,all 挪后。)

注:all, both, each 作同位语时在句中的位置可参阅第 92936节、三。

二、同位语前后有逗号、冒号或破折号。

  1. Yesterday they each saw Dr.Fang, a senior engineer. 昨天他们各位都见到了方博士,他是一位高级工程师。
  2. The simplest atom, the hydrogen atom, contains one proton and one electron. 最简单的原子氢含有一个质子和一个电子。
  3. Henry is there, near the window. 亨利在那边,在窗户附近。
  4. The heat liberated during chemisorption is usually large, of order of the heat of chemical reaction. 化学吸附中放出的热量通常很大,与化学反应热不相上下。
  5. They make different types of computers, each with its characteristics. 他们制造各种型式的计算机,每种各有其自己的特点。
  6. Agnes will visit two cities: Beijing and Shanghai. 阿格尼丝将访问两个城市:北京和上海。
  7. We all have a common desire - to realize the four modernizations in China. 我们都有一个共同的愿望——在中国实现四个现代化。(注意不定式短语作同位语。)

三、用 or 引出同位语

  1. The boiling temperature, or boiling point, is the temperature at which a liquid boils under ordinary pressure. 沸腾温度即沸点,系液体在常压下沸腾的温度。
  2. Under certain conditions this compound splits (或 breaks) up, or decomposes, into two substances. 在一定条件下,该化合物就裂解即分解为两种物质。
  3. This weight equals one kilogram or 2.2046 pounds. 这个重量等于一公斤即 2.2046 磅。
  4. The energy of electric current, or of electricity in motion, may be converted to any other form of energy. 电流的能量即动电的能量,可以转化为任何其它种能量。

四、用 such as 或 as 引出同位语

  1. Some solid fuels, such as wood and coal, are chiefly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 某些固体燃料,例如木头和煤,主要是由碳、氢和氧构成的。
  2. Some building materials such as cement and reinforcing bars are widely used in capital construction. 某些建筑材料,例如水泥和钢筋,广泛使用于基本建设中。
  3. Part of your job as a teacher is to really understand your pupils’ personal problems. 真正地了解你所教的学生的个人问题是你教师工作的一部分。(表示什么职业的工作引出同位语时,as 前不要加 such。)

注:下句把 such 和 as 分开,意义跟上面差不多,但 as 后面则为一个省略了 is 或 are 的定语从句。例如:Our plant produces such chemicals as (are) gasoline, kerosene, vaseline, and paraffin. 我厂生产(像)汽油、煤油、凡士林和石蜡等(那样的)化工产品。

  1. Plastics as a class are not suitable as materials to carry heavy structural loads. 塑料作为一类材料,并不适于作承受重型结构负荷的材料。(第一个 as 引出同位语,而第二个 as 则引出主语补语。)

五、用 of 引出同位语,这时 of 前常是一个概括的名称,of 后是具体的东西或具体数值

  1. This automobile is running at a speed of 70 miles an hour. 该汽车正以每小时 70 英里的速度行驶。
  2. This liquid has a temperature of about 80℃. 该液体的温度为 80℃ 左右。(未按原文结构翻译)
  3. He worked in the city of Tianjin two years ago. 两年前他在天津市工作。
  4. Before Agnes there is a question of what to do first. 在阿格尼丝面前有一个先做什么的问题。

六、用 namely, for example, including, particularly, that is (或 i.e.) 等引出同位语

  1. There are two kinds of charges, namely, positive and negative (charges). 电荷有两种,即正电荷和负电荷。
  2. We have only one way of solving the difficulty, namely, to rely on our own efforts. 我们只有一条解决困难的途径,即依靠自己的努力。
  3. In China there are many cities, for example, Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. 中国有许多城市,例如北京、上海和天津。
  4. Many of us, including Lin Hua, have been to Beijing zoo. 我们中间有许多人,包括林华在内,都去过北京动物园。
  5. I want to visit these modern factories, especially the one where you work. 我想参观这些现代化的工厂,特别是你工作所在的那个厂。
  6. Weight is directly related to the mass of a body, that is (或 i.e.), to the amount of matter in it. 重量是和物体的质量即物体内的物质数量直接有关的。

七、用连词 that 等引出从句作同位语,称为同位语从句。有时省略 that,造成难点

  1. This experiment leads to the conclusion that unlike charges attract each other. 这个实验导致这样一个结论:异性电荷相吸。
  2. The question "what are things made of?" is answered differently by different kinds of scientists. 物质由什么构成的问题,不同的科学家就有不同的答案。
  3. The modern approach to nature is to ask the more modest question, how things move, and to seek the answer in experiment. 现代对自然研究的方法是提出“物体是怎样运动的”这样一个比较恰如其分的问题,然后通过实验探索其答案。
  4. Then arose the question whom (或 who) we should trust in. 那时就产生了我们应该相信谁的问题。
  5. There can be no doubt that man is certain to turn to the laboratories if nature does not provide stationary materials. 毫无疑问,如果自然界不能提供稳定的材料,人类一定会转向实验室。
  6. The fact that metals can be drawn into wires is known to us. 金属可以拔丝这一事实是我们都知道的。
  7. The thought came to him that the process should be conducted out of contact with the air. 他突然想起,该过程应该在不接触空气的情况下进行。
  8. Lisa told us the news, namely that the new shop would be open on and after next Sunday. 莉萨告诉我们一条消息,即这家新商店将从下星期日起开始营业。(注意同位语从句前加 namely.)
  9. Let me know your college address, that is, where you live in term time. 让我们知道你所在的学校地址,即你上学时所住的地方。(注意同位语从句前加插入句 that is。)
  10. Whenever the teacher mentioned my spelling mistakes in class, I had a feeling he was getting at me. 每当老师在课堂上提起我的拼写错误,我就有一种他在找我岔的感觉。(feeling 后省略了 that。)

注 1:由连词 that 引导的同位语从句,它所说明的词常常是表示抽象概念的名词,例如 fact, idea, question, conclusion, news, doubt, theory, thought, evidence, order, proof, confidence 等。

注 2:同位语从句用疑问词引导时,就不再用 that;引导同位语从句的 that 是连词,本身无实在意思;that 在从句中不作成分。可利用这三点将同位语从句和用 that 引导的定语从句区分开。

注 3:注意同位语从句有时在其前面还可加用 namely, that is, that is to say 等词语(见上面第 8,9 句)。

注 4:有时甚至一个名词可能是整个句子的同位语。例如:The student said that he had missed his lessons because his mother had fallen ill, an excuse which the teacher accepted. 该学生说,他没有上课是因为他母亲病了——这是老师当时原谅他的原因。

八、判别时的几个注意点

Ⅰ. 区别 or 连接并列成分和引出同位语两种情况:

or 引出的短语前后都有逗号时,一般为同位语(见本节、十一、第 1-4 句)。or 前后没有逗号时,主要靠逻辑判别。例如:
In industry certain mixtures of metals or alloys are said to have been developed. 在工业中,人们说某些金属混合物即合金已经大大地发展了。(不要理解为“某些金属或合金的混合物”。)

从另一角度也可这么讲,or 前后两个词或词组表示同一事物,则为同位语,可译为“即”;若 or 前后表示的不是同一事物,则 or 引入两个不同事物,表示选择,可译“或”。

II. 区别用逗号隔开的同位语和一般的并列成分时,主要靠逻辑判断,有时可根据谓语的单复数来加以判别。

  1. The result is carbon steel, one of the most important and useful of all alloys. 产品是碳钢,这是所有合金中最重要和最有用的合金之一。(同位语)
  2. When water is cooled, ice, a solid, is produced. 当水冷却时,有固体冰产生。(主句谓语用单数形式 is,表明主语是一个单数名词。此外,solid 后有逗号,也就否定了它和 ice 并列,而更肯定了 solid 作同位语。)
  3. An explanation of the fact is given by the atomic theory of crystals, the theory that in crystals the atoms are arranged in a regular order. 晶体的原子理论对这一事实作了解释。晶体的原子理论是说原于在晶体内是有规则地排列的。(句中 the theory 后接一个同位语从句,而这个 the theory 连同后面的同位语从句又作前面 the atomic theory of crystals 的同位语。因为本句中两个 theory 不是主语,不能根据谓语单复数来判别,就只能根据逻辑进行判别。)

III. 注意对 of 后引出的同位语的判别。在科技英语中使用这种结构时,of 前常为长度、速度、温度、压力、电阻等度量名称,of 后则为具体数字或代表数字的符号及因次单位。可利用这一点来进行判别。其它情况则注意逻辑判别。

  1. If you lift a load weighing W pounds a distance of S feet, you have done WS foot-pounds of work. 如果你把重 W 磅的负荷举高 S 英尺这样一个距离,则你作了 WS 英尺·磅的功。(of 后的 S feeta distance 的同位语,而句末 WS foot-pounds of work 系“数量词 + of…”结构,不是同位语关系。类似例子如:4 pounds of water 四磅水等。)

  2. The city of Shanghai has been greatly changed. 上海市有了很大变化。(从逻辑上理解,只能是同位语。)

Ⅳ. 注意被说明的名词和同位语从句割裂的情况:

  1. What supporting evidence is there that electrons are outside the nucleus? 有什么有力的证据说明电子是在原子核外面?(由于这是特殊疑问句,evidence 必须随它的定语 what 提到句首。evidence 后面由 that 引导的同位语从句如果也随之提前,就出现“头重脚轻”的句子结构,即主语部分太长,谓语短又位于句子末尾。为避免这种不匀称的句子结构,就产生被说明的名词和同位语从句割裂的现象。)
  2. The question has been put to you whether you will exchange seats with him. 已向你提出了你是否和他调换座位的问题。(若同位语从句位于所说明的名词 question 后面,就会造成“头重脚轻”的句子结构,故两者被迫分割,使句子结构匀称平衡。)

Ⅴ. 注意有时一个名词是整个主句的同位语。例如:

Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth-a principle which should be followed, whether you engage in political activities or scientific and technological work. 实践是检验真理的唯一标准,这是一条必须遵循的原则,不管你从事政治活动还是科技工作。


评论