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同位语及同位语从句的表示法和判别
同位语及同位语从句的表示法和判别
在某一句子成分后面有另外的词、短语或从句(同位语从句)对该成分作进一步说明,在语法上又处于同一地位(即作同一个成分),称为同位语。
一、同位语在所说明的句子成分之后,其间没有逗号
- Unlike oxygen, the element nitrogen is not active. 与氧不同,元素氮不活泼。(unlike 为介词。)
- In today’s China, we returned students are able to do what we could not do before. 在今日的中国我们归国留学生能做过去不能做的事情。
- Thanks to the help of the experts they each all obtained great success. 多亏专家的帮助,他们各位都取得了很大的成功。(thanks to 为复合介词。)
- They are all familiar with TV home shopping. 他们都熟悉在家进行电视购物。(谓语是 be 时,all 挪后。)
注:all, both, each 作同位语时在句中的位置可参阅第 9,29 ,36节、三。
二、同位语前后有逗号、冒号或破折号。
- Yesterday they each saw Dr.Fang, a senior engineer. 昨天他们各位都见到了方博士,他是一位高级工程师。
- The simplest atom, the hydrogen atom, contains one proton and one electron. 最简单的原子氢含有一个质子和一个电子。
- Henry is there, near the window. 亨利在那边,在窗户附近。
- The heat liberated during chemisorption is usually large, of order of the heat of chemical reaction. 化学吸附中放出的热量通常很大,与化学反应热不相上下。
- They make different types of computers, each with its characteristics. 他们制造各种型式的计算机,每种各有其自己的特点。
- Agnes will visit two cities: Beijing and Shanghai. 阿格尼丝将访问两个城市:北京和上海。
- We all have a common desire - to realize the four modernizations in China. 我们都有一个共同的愿望——在中国实现四个现代化。(注意不定式短语作同位语。)
三、用 or 引出同位语
- The boiling temperature, or boiling point, is the temperature at which a liquid boils under ordinary pressure. 沸腾温度即沸点,系液体在常压下沸腾的温度。
- Under certain conditions this compound splits (或 breaks) up, or decomposes, into two substances. 在一定条件下,该化合物就裂解即分解为两种物质。
- This weight equals one kilogram or 2.2046 pounds. 这个重量等于一公斤即 2.2046 磅。
- The energy of electric current, or of electricity in motion, may be converted to any other form of energy. 电流的能量即动电的能量,可以转化为任何其它种能量。
四、用 such as 或 as 引出同位语
- Some solid fuels, such as wood and coal, are chiefly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 某些固体燃料,例如木头和煤,主要是由碳、氢和氧构成的。
- Some building materials such as cement and reinforcing bars are widely used in capital construction. 某些建筑材料,例如水泥和钢筋,广泛使用于基本建设中。
- Part of your job as a teacher is to really understand your pupils’ personal problems. 真正地了解你所教的学生的个人问题是你教师工作的一部分。(表示什么职业的工作引出同位语时,as 前不要加 such。)
注:下句把 such 和 as 分开,意义跟上面差不多,但 as 后面则为一个省略了 is 或 are 的定语从句。例如:Our plant produces such chemicals as (are) gasoline, kerosene, vaseline, and paraffin. 我厂生产(像)汽油、煤油、凡士林和石蜡等(那样的)化工产品。
- Plastics as a class are not suitable as materials to carry heavy structural loads. 塑料作为一类材料,并不适于作承受重型结构负荷的材料。(第一个 as 引出同位语,而第二个 as 则引出主语补语。)
五、用 of 引出同位语,这时 of 前常是一个概括的名称,of 后是具体的东西或具体数值
- This automobile is running at a speed of 70 miles an hour. 该汽车正以每小时 70 英里的速度行驶。
- This liquid has a temperature of about 80℃. 该液体的温度为 80℃ 左右。(未按原文结构翻译)
- He worked in the city of Tianjin two years ago. 两年前他在天津市工作。
- Before Agnes there is a question of what to do first. 在阿格尼丝面前有一个先做什么的问题。
六、用 namely, for example, including, particularly, that is (或 i.e.) 等引出同位语
- There are two kinds of charges, namely, positive and negative (charges). 电荷有两种,即正电荷和负电荷。
- We have only one way of solving the difficulty, namely, to rely on our own efforts. 我们只有一条解决困难的途径,即依靠自己的努力。
- In China there are many cities, for example, Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin. 中国有许多城市,例如北京、上海和天津。
- Many of us, including Lin Hua, have been to Beijing zoo. 我们中间有许多人,包括林华在内,都去过北京动物园。
- I want to visit these modern factories, especially the one where you work. 我想参观这些现代化的工厂,特别是你工作所在的那个厂。
- Weight is directly related to the mass of a body, that is (或 i.e.), to the amount of matter in it. 重量是和物体的质量即物体内的物质数量直接有关的。
七、用连词 that 等引出从句作同位语,称为同位语从句。有时省略 that,造成难点
- This experiment leads to the conclusion that unlike charges attract each other. 这个实验导致这样一个结论:异性电荷相吸。
- The question "what are things made of?" is answered differently by different kinds of scientists. 物质由什么构成的问题,不同的科学家就有不同的答案。
- The modern approach to nature is to ask the more modest question, how things move, and to seek the answer in experiment. 现代对自然研究的方法是提出“物体是怎样运动的”这样一个比较恰如其分的问题,然后通过实验探索其答案。
- Then arose the question whom (或 who) we should trust in. 那时就产生了我们应该相信谁的问题。
- There can be no doubt that man is certain to turn to the laboratories if nature does not provide stationary materials. 毫无疑问,如果自然界不能提供稳定的材料,人类一定会转向实验室。
- The fact that metals can be drawn into wires is known to us. 金属可以拔丝这一事实是我们都知道的。
- The thought came to him that the process should be conducted out of contact with the air. 他突然想起,该过程应该在不接触空气的情况下进行。
- Lisa told us the news, namely that the new shop would be open on and after next Sunday. 莉萨告诉我们一条消息,即这家新商店将从下星期日起开始营业。(注意同位语从句前加 namely.)
- Let me know your college address, that is, where you live in term time. 让我们知道你所在的学校地址,即你上学时所住的地方。(注意同位语从句前加插入句 that is。)
- Whenever the teacher mentioned my spelling mistakes in class, I had a feeling he was getting at me. 每当老师在课堂上提起我的拼写错误,我就有一种他在找我岔的感觉。(feeling 后省略了 that。)
注 1:由连词 that 引导的同位语从句,它所说明的词常常是表示抽象概念的名词,例如 fact, idea, question, conclusion, news, doubt, theory, thought, evidence, order, proof, confidence 等。
注 2:同位语从句用疑问词引导时,就不再用 that;引导同位语从句的 that 是连词,本身无实在意思;that 在从句中不作成分。可利用这三点将同位语从句和用 that 引导的定语从句区分开。
注 3:注意同位语从句有时在其前面还可加用 namely, that is, that is to say 等词语(见上面第 8,9 句)。
注 4:有时甚至一个名词可能是整个句子的同位语。例如:The student said that he had missed his lessons because his mother had fallen ill, an excuse which the teacher accepted. 该学生说,他没有上课是因为他母亲病了——这是老师当时原谅他的原因。
八、判别时的几个注意点
Ⅰ. 区别 or 连接并列成分和引出同位语两种情况:
or 引出的短语前后都有逗号时,一般为同位语(见本节、十一、第 1-4 句)。or 前后没有逗号时,主要靠逻辑判别。例如:
In industry certain mixtures of metals or alloys are said to have been developed. 在工业中,人们说某些金属混合物即合金已经大大地发展了。(不要理解为“某些金属或合金的混合物”。)
从另一角度也可这么讲,or 前后两个词或词组表示同一事物,则为同位语,可译为“即”;若 or 前后表示的不是同一事物,则 or 引入两个不同事物,表示选择,可译“或”。
II. 区别用逗号隔开的同位语和一般的并列成分时,主要靠逻辑判断,有时可根据谓语的单复数来加以判别。
- The result is carbon steel, one of the most important and useful of all alloys. 产品是碳钢,这是所有合金中最重要和最有用的合金之一。(同位语)
- When water is cooled, ice, a solid, is produced. 当水冷却时,有固体冰产生。(主句谓语用单数形式 is,表明主语是一个单数名词。此外,solid 后有逗号,也就否定了它和 ice 并列,而更肯定了 solid 作同位语。)
- An explanation of the fact is given by the atomic theory of crystals, the theory that in crystals the atoms are arranged in a regular order. 晶体的原子理论对这一事实作了解释。晶体的原子理论是说原于在晶体内是有规则地排列的。(句中 the theory 后接一个同位语从句,而这个 the theory 连同后面的同位语从句又作前面 the atomic theory of crystals 的同位语。因为本句中两个 theory 不是主语,不能根据谓语单复数来判别,就只能根据逻辑进行判别。)
III. 注意对 of 后引出的同位语的判别。在科技英语中使用这种结构时,of 前常为长度、速度、温度、压力、电阻等度量名称,of 后则为具体数字或代表数字的符号及因次单位。可利用这一点来进行判别。其它情况则注意逻辑判别。
If you lift a load weighing W pounds a distance of S feet, you have done WS foot-pounds of work. 如果你把重 W 磅的负荷举高 S 英尺这样一个距离,则你作了 WS 英尺·磅的功。(of 后的 S feet 为 a distance 的同位语,而句末 WS foot-pounds of work 系“数量词 + of…”结构,不是同位语关系。类似例子如:4 pounds of water 四磅水等。)
The city of Shanghai has been greatly changed. 上海市有了很大变化。(从逻辑上理解,只能是同位语。)
Ⅳ. 注意被说明的名词和同位语从句割裂的情况:
- What supporting evidence is there that electrons are outside the nucleus? 有什么有力的证据说明电子是在原子核外面?(由于这是特殊疑问句,evidence 必须随它的定语 what 提到句首。evidence 后面由 that 引导的同位语从句如果也随之提前,就出现“头重脚轻”的句子结构,即主语部分太长,谓语短又位于句子末尾。为避免这种不匀称的句子结构,就产生被说明的名词和同位语从句割裂的现象。)
- The question has been put to you whether you will exchange seats with him. 已向你提出了你是否和他调换座位的问题。(若同位语从句位于所说明的名词 question 后面,就会造成“头重脚轻”的句子结构,故两者被迫分割,使句子结构匀称平衡。)
Ⅴ. 注意有时一个名词是整个主句的同位语。例如:
Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth-a principle which should be followed, whether you engage in political activities or scientific and technological work. 实践是检验真理的唯一标准,这是一条必须遵循的原则,不管你从事政治活动还是科技工作。