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Since 的用法和判别
Since 的用法和判别
一、since 的四种用法
I. 引导原因从句:since 表示原因的意味稍弱,常译为“既然”,有时也可译“因为”。
- Since displacement has direction, velocity also has direction. 既然物体的位移有方向,因此速度也有方向。
- Since heat and work are convertible, the most important thing to know about any device is its efficiency. 既然热和功可以相互转换,那么对任何机械要了解的最重要的问题就是它的效率。(to know about 为 thing 的定语。)
- Since (或 As) you do not know, therefore I shall have to tell you. 既然你不知道,所以我就不得不告诉你。(注意由 since 或 as 引出的原因状语从句,其后面的主句还可用 therefore 与之相呼应。但这都用于正式文体中。注意不能用 then 代替 therefore。)
注:常可用 inasmuch as (或 in as much as) 代替 since,以引出原因状语从句,但前者多用于书面语中。例如:
Inasmuch as (或 In as much as) it is not your fault, you needn't care. 既然这不是你的错,你就不必介意了。(也可用 since 代之。)
II. 引导时间从句,一般可译为“自从……以来”。
- Nearly two thousand years has (或 have) passed since the Chinese first invented the compass. 自从中国人最先发明指南针以来,已过了近两千年了。
- It is (或 has been) five years since I visited your father. 我已有五年没有拜访你的父亲了。(由“自从我拜访过你的父亲以来已有五年时间了”引申过来。)
- It is five years since he taught English. 他不教英语已有五年。(仍按上例去理解。)
- It is (或 has been) three years since she was a nurse. 她不当护士已有三年了。(由“自从她当过护士即后来不当护士以来已有三年”引申过来。)
- It is a week since they left for Japan. 他们去日本已有一周了。(“他们离开这里去日本”的结果是“他们走了一不在这里”。故译为“去日本一周”是合适的。)
III. 介词 since 后接一个名词(有时接副词或短语),多半作时间状语可译为“自从…以来”。偶然作后置定语。
- We have made great achievements since 1978 (或 since twenty two years ago). 自从1978年(或22午前)以来我们取得了伟大的成就。(这是站在 2000 年角度说上面这句话。)
- I have not visited Europe any more since then. 从那时起,我再也没有访问过欧洲。
- Since when has be been living here? 从何时起他一直住在这里?
- How many periods does the history since 1949 fall into? 1949 年以后的历史可分为几个阶段呢?(注意 since 1949 不作状语,而作 the history 的定语。)
Ⅳ. 作副词用,可译为“从此以后”意思。
- I met him in 1969 and have not seen him since. 我在 1969 年见过他,此后一直没有见到他。
- She left home a week ago and I haven't heard from her since. 她一周以前离家,从那时起我一直未听到她的音讯。
二、since 用法的判别
I. 如果主句用完成时态,则 since 引导的从句通常是时间从句,除此以外,大多是原因从句。例如:
- Computer shave found world-wide application since they were invented. 电从发明以来,就在世界范围内得到了广泛的应用。(时间从句)
- They have been discussing the plan since we entered the meeting room. 从我们进入会议室以来,他们一直在讨论计划。(时间从句)
- Since energy is defined the capacity to do work, we measure energy in units of work. 既然对能下的定义是作功的本领,因此我们就用功的单位来计量能的大小。(原因从句)
II. 当主句的主、谓语是 it is (或 was) 时,只有当 since 引导的从句内的动词是过去时或过去完成时的形式时,since 才作“自从……以来”解:
It is (was) two years since we improved (或 had improved) these tools. 自从我们改进这些工具以来,已经过了两年。(用括弧内词则译为:自从我们改进这些工具以来,当时已经有两年了。)必须指出,上句中的 is 也可用 has been 代之。近来也有趋势想用现在完成时代替 since 引出的时间状语从句内常用的一般过去时。