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What 的用法和判别 | 新编英语阅读手册

What 的用法和判别

What 的用法和判别

一、what 作“什么”、“什么东西(或事情)”、“怎样的人(指职业)”等讲

  1. What is on the plate? 盘子上放着什么东西?
  2. What are in the sky? 天空有些什么东西?(当心中有数,指复数名词而言时,在提问中就可用谓语的复数形式。若心中无数,一般用谓语的第三人称单数形式来提问。)
  3. What produces heat? 什么东西产生热?
  4. What happened to him? 他发生什么事了?
  5. a. What is she, a nurse or a teacher? 她是干什么的,是护士还是教师?(不能用 which 代替。)
    b. Which is your teacher, she or he? 哪一个是你的老师,是她还是他?(不能用 what 代替,因为本句不是提问她的职业是什么。)
  6. What are three and three? 三加三是多少?
  7. What is the weather (或 the room 等) like? 天气(或这房间等)怎样?

二、what 作“什么的”、“什么样的”讲,后面直接接名词单复数均可

  1. What computers have you ever used? 你使用过什么样的计算机?
  2. He doesn't know what beeper he should buy. 他不知道他应该买什么样的寻呼机。
  3. (At) What time will you go to the net friend club? 你何时去网友俱乐部?

三、what 仍作“什么”或“什么样的”解,可引出主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等名词性从句

  1. What knowledge property right means is not known to all of us. 知识产权是什么,并不是我们大家都知道。(主语从句)
  2. The question is what step we should take next. 问题是下一步我们该采取什么措施。(表语从句)
  3. He knows what heat is. 他知道热是什么。(宾语从句)
  4. We know what we are working for. 我们知道为了什么而工作。(宾语从句)
  5. We are thinking of what we should do next. 我们在想下一步该做什么。(介词的宾语从句)
  6. This portable phone is not worth what I paid yesterday. 这架移动电话不值我昨天付的价钱。(worth 的宾语从句)

四、what 相当于 that which 或 the thing (或 things) that (或 which) 的意思,也可引出主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句

  1. What (= The thing that) has been said above is very important. 以上所说的(事情)是很重要的。(主语从句)
  2. This is not what (= the thing which) I meant. 这不是我的本意。(表语从句)
  3. We can and we will do what (=the thing which) we long to do. We will be what we desire to be. 我们能够而且决心做自己想做的事。我们要做自己理想中的人。(前一句中 what 从句为宾语从句,后一句中 what 从句为表语从句。)
  4. There is some truth in what (= the thing that) he has just said. 他刚才讲的多少有点道理。(介词的宾语从句)
  5. This factory is different from what it was be fore. 这个工厂和它原先样子不同。(介词的宾语从句。what 在从句中作表语。)
  6. The output of our multistate corporation is now three times what it was three years ago. 我们的跨国公司目前的产量是三年前的三倍。(what 从句是表语从句,顶一个名词,而 three times 为定语,修饰这个“名词”。)
  7. We have made the factory what it is today. 我们已使工厂变成今天这样的规模。(what 从句在句中作宾语补语。)
  8. What is it you don't like about winter weather? 你不喜欢冬天天气的哪一点呢?(句中 what 作表语,it 后省略了that. 本句为 "it is… that" 强调结构的疑问句形式。)
  9. Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh. 地心吸力使你秤得你现有的重量。(第一个 what 引出表语从句,而第二个 what 从句则作宾语补语 weigh 的状语。)
  10. The modern conception of computers is not what it used to be in the past thirty years. 计算机的现代概念已不是过去 30 年的那种概念了。

五、what 作定语,却无疑问词含意,而表示 as much (或 many) as 或 any (或 all)… that 之意

  1. We will give him what support I can. = I will give him as much support as I can. 我们将尽我的能力支持他。(can 后省略 give.)
  2. Please show him what pictures (或 all the pictures) that you have taken. 请将你拍的全部照片拿给他看。(what 还可用 what ever pictures 代替,后者表示“无论什么样的照片”。)
  3. She may operate what computers there are left in the room. 凡属本房间内的计算机她都可以操作。
  4. Please lend me what(或 whatever)reference books you have on this subject. 请借给我你所有的有关这个课题的参考书。

注 1:注意“what + few 或 little + 名词”结构,这时表示“少”的意思。例如:

1)What few friends I have here have been very kind to him. 这里的朋友待他好的太少了!
2)What little milk she has poured in the glass. 她倒入玻璃杯里的牛奶太少了!

六、what 作感叹词用,修饰可数名词单数时,必须用不定冠词

  1. What a wide foot bridge it is! 这是座多么宽的步行桥啊!
  2. What a beautiful house she lives in! 她住的房子多么漂亮啊!
  3. What a long way from Beijing to Shanghai! 从北京到上海是一条多么长的路程啊!
  4. What wonderful new-type multimedia computers the scientists can invent! 科学家能发明多么奇妙的新型的多媒体计算机啊!

七、what 可引出比较状语从句,这时 what 可用 as 来代替

  1. We students are to the cause of world peace what (或 as) a screw is to a machine. 我们学生的作用对于世界和平事业来说,犹如一台机器上的一颗螺丝钉。
  2. This nucleus is to the cell what Beijing is to China, and London to Britain. 细胞核对于细胞来说,犹同北京对中国以及伦敦对英国。

八、what 的常用结构

I. 可将 what you call…, what we call…, what is called…, what is known as… 等结构当作修饰语来看,形容后面跟上的名词或其词组,表示“所谓的……”之意。有时还可用 name 和 term 来代替上述结构中的 call。从词义来看,这里 what 仍作 that which 讲,为名词性从句,但从简化理解和英译汉角度考虑,把它当作修饰语来看,似乎能加速理解和翻译.

  1. In this book you can find what is called (或 what you call) the graphic method. 在这本书里你能找到所谓的图示法。(本句内也可以用 what we call, what is termed, what you namewhat is known as 等代替之。)
  2. The term force is used for what is known in everyday life as a push or a pull. 术语“力”可当作日常生活中所谓的推力或拉力来用。
  3. He is, what is called, a living dictionary. 他就是大家所称呼的“活字典”。

注:so- called 也作“所谓的”讲,多半表示贬义的语气。例如:That is the so-called civilized world. 那就是所谓的文明世界。

II. what 的其它常用词组

  1. What ever (或 on earth, the devil, the hell) are you talking about? 你们究竟在谈论什么啊?
  2. What if he does not come?(如果)他不来怎么办?
  3. Come what will (或 may), I am prepared for it. 不管发生什么事,我为此做好了准备。
  4. We usually think of metals as solid objects, but what about mercury, which is a common metal? 我们通常把金属看作固体,但对于常见的金属汞怎么说呢?
  5. What about going abroad now? 现在去国外怎样?(本句 what about 后用动名词短语,故与前句用法不同。但这两句都是省略句形式。)
  6. What else will he do in the workshop? 他在车间里还将做什么呢?(what else 原义为“还有什么”。)
  7. What with teaching and what with writing, his time is wholly taken up. 一则由于授课,再则由于写作,他的时间全被占了。
  8. What through the weather and what through the heavy load on board, the ship was late in getting to port. 一方面由于天气不好,一方面由于负载过重,船抵港口迟了。
  9. What is that for? 那是为了什么?
  10. Not a student but what studies a foreign language. 没有一个学生是不学一门外语的。(but what 表示后面句子是否定意思。详阅第 30 节、六。)
  11. What is more, he is not a hard student. 更为甚者,他不是一个用功的学生。(what is more 作插入句用。)
  12. She is a good scholar, and what is better, a good teacher. 她是一位优秀的学者,而且是一位好老师。(句中what is better 作插入句用。译为“而且”是意译,不等于作连词用。)
  13. The rules must be few, and, what is more important, comprehensive. 规则宜简,更重要的是概括性大。
  14. What was (still) worse, it began to blow hard. (更)糟糕的是,开始刮起了大风。(what was still worse 作插入句用。)
  15. Plastics can be made into machine parts, radio elements, tubes, tools, and what not. 塑料能制成机器零件、无线电元件、管件、工具以及其它等。

九、what 用法判别

I. 句末出现问号,句首的 what 一般作疑问词用。what 后面有它所修饰的名词,则作“什么的”、“什么样的”讲。what 没有它所修饰的名词,则一般作“什么“、“什么东西(或事情)”讲。但句末出现介词 like,则该词组作“怎么样的”讲(见本节、一 第 7 句)。

II. 句末出现惊叹号,句首 what 一般作“多么”讲。

III. what 从句的判别可按下列方式进行:若在主从复合句中去掉 what 引导的从句后,主句就缺少某个成分, what 从句就顶那个成分用,于是可确定 what 引导的是主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或介词宾语从句了。

Ⅳ. what 从句作主语从句时,其谓语用单数还是复数,要由主语从句的意思来选定。例如:

  1. What he said is quite correct. 他说的话很正确。
  2. What he gave me are a personal computer and an electronic dictionary. 他给我的东西是一台个人计算机和一本电子辞典。

Ⅴ. 句末没有问号或惊叹号时,what 作疑问词用还是作“…the thing(或 things)which…”讲,就要结合具体句子进行比较,取其中符合逻辑的一种译法。例如:

  1. These are what he left here. 这些就是他留下的东西。(把 what 译为“什么”就不妥。)
  2. Time factor is what we have to take into consideration。时间因素是我们应该考虑的(把 what 译为“什么”就不妥。)

Ⅵ. what 从句综合用例:

  1. I am doing to others what he would have others do to me. 我正在为别人做他愿使别人为我做的事。(句中 what he would… 到句末为 doing 的宾语从句,to others 为 doing 的状语。)
  2. He doesn't care what people said about him. 他不关心人们议论他什么。
  3. It is not a question how much a man knows, but what use he can make of what he knows; not a question of what he has acquired, and how he has been trained, but of what he is, and what he can do. 问题不在于一个人知道多少,而在于他能如何运用他的知识的程度;问题不在于他学到什么知识,受过何种教育,而在于他的人品及其能力。(句中 it 为形式主语,how much a man knows 为主语从句,通过 but 连接并列的主语从句。分号后省略 it is. of 后的从句what he has acquired 为介词宾语,实际上是和 of 一起,作 question 的定语。and 连接一从句 how he has been trained, 是和前面的 what he has acquired 并列的。第二个 but 后的 of 是和前面分号后的 of 是并列的,通过最后一个 and 将最后一个 of 后面的两个并列的介词宾语从句连接起来。)

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