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By 的搭配用法及其分类理解 | 新编英语阅读手册

By 的搭配用法及其分类理解

By 的搭配用法及其分类理解

一、介词 by 作“在…旁边”、“在(某人)身边”或“从…旁边”讲时的动词短语举例

  1. Have a pager by…(我)身边有一个寻呼机(后加 me)
  2. fly by the town 从城镇旁飞过
  3. get by… (我不能)挤过(如此多的人群即 so many people),(这艘船能够)通过(敌人的炮火即 the enemy guns),(你的建议)通过了(第一关即 the 即 the first stage)[过去一般时]
  4. hurry by…(她)匆匆地从(大楼)旁走过[过去一般时]
  5. go west by north(汽车)朝西偏北驶去
  6. Pass by the computer center 路过计算中心
  7. sit by the fire 坐在火炉旁
  8. stand by…(这座房子)位于(河)边,(他)站在(我)身旁,(我)恪守(原则即 the principles)[由“坚守在…旁”引申过来]
  9. walk by the window (我)从窗前走过去

二、介词 by 作“通过、经由、取道”讲。若后接不带冠词的 air, water, land, plane, ship, train, bus, bike 或地名等,则表示旅行方式

  1. They crossed the river by a long bridge. 他们经由一座长桥过了河。
  2. He went out by another door. 他经由另一道门出去。
  3. I shall return by Tokyo. 我将取道东京回国。
  4. She drove up to the police station by way of the 18th Street. 她驾车取道第十八街开往警察分局了。
  5. She went to Shanghai by air (或 by plane) today. 她今天乘飞机去上海了。
  6. They came by car (或 bus, tube, train, ship 等). 他们坐汽车(或乘公共汽车、地铁、火车、轮船等)来的。
  7. Some of us sent the goods by sea (或 land). 我们中间有些人由海路(或陆路)运送了货物。

注:对于特定时刻的火车或公共汽车,尽管前面出现 the 但仍可用介词 by,但也可用 on。其它交通工具前面出现定冠词和修饰语时,则结合具体情况可使用介词 in 或 on。

三、介词 by 表示时间或某时间下限。by… 表示时间下限时,句中谓语多半要用完成时,但当谓语是系词 be 时,则不必用完成时

  1. They work by day. 他们白天工作。
  2. By the end of next year, we will have been studying English for 3 years. 到明年底为止我们英语已学了三年。
  3. By the time the fire-engine arrived, the fire had been put out by the inhabitants. 当救火车到达时,火已被居民扑灭了。(由 by the time 引出时间状语从句。主句谓语是行为动词的被动态,“灭火”是在救火车到达前完成的,故要用过去完成时。)
  4. We shall have left by the time you return here. 你们回到这里时,我们将早巳走了。(由 by the time 引出时间从句。)

注:注意 byuntil (或 till) 在表示时限方面的用法各异:

1) You must be back by four o’clock. 你务必不迟于四点回来。
2) I must be here until four o’clock. 我必须在这里呆到四点。
3) She saw you here the year before last. 她前年在这里见到了你。

四、在被动态句或短语中用 by 引出行为主体

  1. These machines are driven by electricity. 这些机器是由电力驱动的。(句中 are driven by electricity 可用 are power-driven 代替。)
  2. The new elevated roads were designed by the senior engineers in 1999. 这些新的高架桥路是由这些高级工程师在 1999 年设计的。
  3. The experiments (done) by Prof • Smith and the book (written) by Prof • Brown were both interesting and instructive. 史密斯教授所做的实验和勃朗教授写的书都是既有趣又有教益的。(句中 donewritten 还可省略。)

五、by 表示手段或方法,一般含有“通过…的方式”之意

  1. You do not change the Shape of a solid by putting it in a container. 你并不能通过把固体放入容器内改变固体形状。

注:注意上句用“by + -ing 或其短语”表示方式状语。又如:amuse oneself by reading novels. 以看小说来消遣, begin by doing something 通过做某事来开始等。

  1. To weld metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 用电流产生的热来焊接金属是可行的。(原义为“通过……手段”。)
  2. The liquid falls from the container drop by drop. 该液体一滴一滴地从容器内掉下来。(由“一滴挨着一滴”引申过来。)
  3. Things go on step by step. 事物一步一步地在发展。(也可用 little by little 代替,表示“一点一点地”。)
  4. They entered the classroom two by two (或 by twos and threes). 他们两个两个地进入教室(或…两个三个地进入教室)。
  5. We know about magnetism by how magnetsact. 通过磁铁如何作用,我们就可知道有关磁性的问题。(by 接一个由疑问词引出的介词宾语从句。)

六、介词 by… 表示“按照(规定、外形、重量、体积、小时、立升、公斤等)”含义

  1. do everything by rule. 按规定办事
  2. tell one state of matter from another by their form. 根据物态形状把这一物态和另一物态区别开
  3. sell flour by weight(或 the kilogram)按重量(或公斤)出售面粉
  4. a. hire a car by the day 租借汽车按天数计(必须用 the
    b. prefer travelling by day. 宁愿白天旅行
  5. Sugar is sold by the kilogram and petroleum by the liter. 白糖按公斤出售,而汽油按公升出售。(与上句同理,必须用 the。)
  6. By my watch it is eight o’clock now. 按我的表,现在是八点钟。
  7. I knew by his appearance that he was not English. 当时我按他外貌便认出他不是英国人。
  8. I’m not an actress by profession. 按职业我不是女演员。
  9. He was a peasant by birth. 按出生他是农民。

七、表示数量的净增减值或乘除数以及尺寸、距离等

  1. A is by 4 feet longer than B. A 比 B 长四英尺。
  2. An increase in the oxygen content of a coal by 1 percent reduces the calorific value by about 1.7 percent. 煤的含氧量增加 1%,其热值就下降约 1.7%。

注 1:注意 by 后接百分数时,用或不用 by,均为净增加的百分数。例如:The quantity of petroleum needed for the process will be increased (by) 5%. 这个过程所需的石油数量将增加 5%。

注2:注意 by 后接“a factor of + 数字”时,倍数减去 1。例如:This flow rate exceeds the mean flow rate by a factor two. 该流速超过平均流速一倍。

  1. A divided by B gives C. A ÷ B = C。
  2. A multiplied by B equals C. A × B = C。
  3. This value is the product of F by S. 这个数值是 F 和 S 的乘积。
  4. The mobile phones produced this week must be checked by 100 percent. 本周生产的移动电话必须百分之百地(或全部地)进行检验。
  5. He has a desk 150 cm by 50 cm. 他有一张长 150 厘米宽 50 厘米的书桌。
  6. The bullet missed his head by a hair's breadth. 子弹在他头上掠过过,只差一丝一毫之距。

八、当和动词 seize, take, hold, catch 等连用时,by… 表明接触身体的那一部分

lead on by the nose 牵着鼻子领着走;
hold the door by the handle 握着门上的手把;
take him by the hand 攥着他的手;
pull the by the sleeve 拉着男孩的袖子;
seize the child by the collar 抓着小孩的领子;
grab him by the arm 急速抓住他的胳膊;
shake somebody by the hand 握某人的手等

九、以介词短语形式构成的其它常用短语

by accident = by chance 偶然地;
by all means 想方设法,一定要,当然可以;
by choice 出于自愿;
by day (或 night) 在白天(或在夜间);
by daylight 在大白天;
by dint of… 通过(努力工作即 hard work 等);
by far + 形容词最高级最 最…的;
by far + 比较级 重得多(后加 heavier);
by hook or (by) crook 以任何手段,想一切办法;
by leaps and bounds 快速地;
by means of …借助于或靠…;
by mistake (或 error) 出于误会,弄错;
by no means 决不;
by oneself 独自地;
by the way 顺便说一件事;
by turns 轮流地;
go hot and cold by turns(她)一阵发热一阵发冷[表示发烧、害臊或丢脸];
by (或 in) virtue of his position 由于他的职位(较为文气的说法)等

十、“动词 + 介词 + …”的固定短语含义有时也不是一成不变的。这不仅取决于上下文,而且还得靠对 by 的基本含义的理解

例如:go by + … 可以理解为“从…旁边通过”,但当见到 go by the doctor’s advice 时,就应把这个 by 作“按照”去理解,译为“按照医生建议进行”。同理,abide by sb. 就应从原文本意“坚守在某人身旁”去理解为“支援或帮助某人”。又如 stick by … 作“忠于(某人)”、“坚持(意见等)”讲,就应从动词 stick(粘贴、不离开)和介词 by(“在旁边紧挨着”)去理解。其效果比死记硬背要好得多。

十一、副词 by 作“在近旁”、“从近旁”、“经过或过去”乃由介词短语 by… 发展过来,有时结合上下文还有引申的用法

  1. Walk by the window(从窗户旁走过去)→ walk by(从旁边走过去)
  2. stand by me(站在我旁边或支持我)→ stand by(站在一旁或袖手旁观)
  3. get by many people(从许多人近旁通过)→ get by(挤着通过)→(他的工作)还过得去→(她)勉强过活
  4. A lot of time has gone(或 passed)by since then. 从那时起已过了许多时间。

十二、副词 by 由“在近旁”引申到(放或搁等)“在一旁”,这时常可用 aside 代替

  1. a. lay (或 put, set) the work (或 the novel) by 放下工作(或这本小说)
    b. lay (或 put, set)… by 放弃(不同意见即 the differences),戒除(坏习惯即 the bad habits),积蓄钱(由“将钱搁往一旁”引申过来),为顾客存留(一块新表)[后加 for a customer]
  2. lie by (他)躺在一旁休息,(船)由于暴风雨顶风而停驶[后加 because of the storm]
  3. I always keep some pain-killers by. 我常备一些止痛药在身边。

十三、副词 by 作“顺便”讲,也是“从旁边”引申过来。

  1. Call by 顺便访问
  2. Come by 顺便来访[由“从旁边过来”引申过来]
  3. Drop by everytime you go downtown shopping. 每次你去商业区购买东西,就顺便看看我。
  4. Would you please stop by for one brief minute. 请顺便停下歇一下。

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