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By 的搭配用法及其分类理解
By 的搭配用法及其分类理解
一、介词 by 作“在…旁边”、“在(某人)身边”或“从…旁边”讲时的动词短语举例
- Have a pager by…(我)身边有一个寻呼机(后加 me)
- fly by the town 从城镇旁飞过
- get by… (我不能)挤过(如此多的人群即 so many people),(这艘船能够)通过(敌人的炮火即 the enemy guns),(你的建议)通过了(第一关即 the 即 the first stage)[过去一般时]
- hurry by…(她)匆匆地从(大楼)旁走过[过去一般时]
- go west by north(汽车)朝西偏北驶去
- Pass by the computer center 路过计算中心
- sit by the fire 坐在火炉旁
- stand by…(这座房子)位于(河)边,(他)站在(我)身旁,(我)恪守(原则即 the principles)[由“坚守在…旁”引申过来]
- walk by the window (我)从窗前走过去
二、介词 by 作“通过、经由、取道”讲。若后接不带冠词的 air, water, land, plane, ship, train, bus, bike 或地名等,则表示旅行方式
- They crossed the river by a long bridge. 他们经由一座长桥过了河。
- He went out by another door. 他经由另一道门出去。
- I shall return by Tokyo. 我将取道东京回国。
- She drove up to the police station by way of the 18th Street. 她驾车取道第十八街开往警察分局了。
- She went to Shanghai by air (或 by plane) today. 她今天乘飞机去上海了。
- They came by car (或 bus, tube, train, ship 等). 他们坐汽车(或乘公共汽车、地铁、火车、轮船等)来的。
- Some of us sent the goods by sea (或 land). 我们中间有些人由海路(或陆路)运送了货物。
注:对于特定时刻的火车或公共汽车,尽管前面出现 the 但仍可用介词 by,但也可用 on。其它交通工具前面出现定冠词和修饰语时,则结合具体情况可使用介词 in 或 on。
三、介词 by 表示时间或某时间下限。by… 表示时间下限时,句中谓语多半要用完成时,但当谓语是系词 be 时,则不必用完成时
- They work by day. 他们白天工作。
- By the end of next year, we will have been studying English for 3 years. 到明年底为止我们英语已学了三年。
- By the time the fire-engine arrived, the fire had been put out by the inhabitants. 当救火车到达时,火已被居民扑灭了。(由 by the time 引出时间状语从句。主句谓语是行为动词的被动态,“灭火”是在救火车到达前完成的,故要用过去完成时。)
- We shall have left by the time you return here. 你们回到这里时,我们将早巳走了。(由 by the time 引出时间从句。)
注:注意 by 和 until (或 till) 在表示时限方面的用法各异:
1) You must be back by four o’clock. 你务必不迟于四点回来。
2) I must be here until four o’clock. 我必须在这里呆到四点。
3) She saw you here the year before last. 她前年在这里见到了你。
四、在被动态句或短语中用 by 引出行为主体
- These machines are driven by electricity. 这些机器是由电力驱动的。(句中 are driven by electricity 可用 are power-driven 代替。)
- The new elevated roads were designed by the senior engineers in 1999. 这些新的高架桥路是由这些高级工程师在 1999 年设计的。
- The experiments (done) by Prof • Smith and the book (written) by Prof • Brown were both interesting and instructive. 史密斯教授所做的实验和勃朗教授写的书都是既有趣又有教益的。(句中 done 和 written 还可省略。)
五、by 表示手段或方法,一般含有“通过…的方式”之意
- You do not change the Shape of a solid by putting it in a container. 你并不能通过把固体放入容器内改变固体形状。
注:注意上句用“by + -ing 或其短语”表示方式状语。又如:amuse oneself by reading novels. 以看小说来消遣, begin by doing something 通过做某事来开始等。
- To weld metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 用电流产生的热来焊接金属是可行的。(原义为“通过……手段”。)
- The liquid falls from the container drop by drop. 该液体一滴一滴地从容器内掉下来。(由“一滴挨着一滴”引申过来。)
- Things go on step by step. 事物一步一步地在发展。(也可用 little by little 代替,表示“一点一点地”。)
- They entered the classroom two by two (或 by twos and threes). 他们两个两个地进入教室(或…两个三个地进入教室)。
- We know about magnetism by how magnetsact. 通过磁铁如何作用,我们就可知道有关磁性的问题。(by 接一个由疑问词引出的介词宾语从句。)
六、介词 by… 表示“按照(规定、外形、重量、体积、小时、立升、公斤等)”含义
- do everything by rule. 按规定办事
- tell one state of matter from another by their form. 根据物态形状把这一物态和另一物态区别开
- sell flour by weight(或 the kilogram)按重量(或公斤)出售面粉
- a. hire a car by the day 租借汽车按天数计(必须用 the)
b. prefer travelling by day. 宁愿白天旅行- Sugar is sold by the kilogram and petroleum by the liter. 白糖按公斤出售,而汽油按公升出售。(与上句同理,必须用 the。)
- By my watch it is eight o’clock now. 按我的表,现在是八点钟。
- I knew by his appearance that he was not English. 当时我按他外貌便认出他不是英国人。
- I’m not an actress by profession. 按职业我不是女演员。
- He was a peasant by birth. 按出生他是农民。
七、表示数量的净增减值或乘除数以及尺寸、距离等
- A is by 4 feet longer than B. A 比 B 长四英尺。
- An increase in the oxygen content of a coal by 1 percent reduces the calorific value by about 1.7 percent. 煤的含氧量增加 1%,其热值就下降约 1.7%。
注 1:注意 by 后接百分数时,用或不用 by,均为净增加的百分数。例如:The quantity of petroleum needed for the process will be increased (by) 5%. 这个过程所需的石油数量将增加 5%。
注2:注意 by 后接“a factor of + 数字”时,倍数减去 1。例如:This flow rate exceeds the mean flow rate by a factor two. 该流速超过平均流速一倍。
- A divided by B gives C. A ÷ B = C。
- A multiplied by B equals C. A × B = C。
- This value is the product of F by S. 这个数值是 F 和 S 的乘积。
- The mobile phones produced this week must be checked by 100 percent. 本周生产的移动电话必须百分之百地(或全部地)进行检验。
- He has a desk 150 cm by 50 cm. 他有一张长 150 厘米宽 50 厘米的书桌。
- The bullet missed his head by a hair's breadth. 子弹在他头上掠过过,只差一丝一毫之距。
八、当和动词 seize, take, hold, catch 等连用时,by… 表明接触身体的那一部分
lead on by the nose 牵着鼻子领着走;
hold the door by the handle 握着门上的手把;
take him by the hand 攥着他的手;
pull the by the sleeve 拉着男孩的袖子;
seize the child by the collar 抓着小孩的领子;
grab him by the arm 急速抓住他的胳膊;
shake somebody by the hand 握某人的手等
九、以介词短语形式构成的其它常用短语
by accident = by chance 偶然地;
by all means 想方设法,一定要,当然可以;
by choice 出于自愿;
by day (或 night) 在白天(或在夜间);
by daylight 在大白天;
by dint of… 通过(努力工作即 hard work 等);
by far + 形容词最高级最 最…的;
by far + 比较级 重得多(后加 heavier);
by hook or (by) crook 以任何手段,想一切办法;
by leaps and bounds 快速地;
by means of …借助于或靠…;
by mistake (或 error) 出于误会,弄错;
by no means 决不;
by oneself 独自地;
by the way 顺便说一件事;
by turns 轮流地;
go hot and cold by turns(她)一阵发热一阵发冷[表示发烧、害臊或丢脸];
by (或 in) virtue of his position 由于他的职位(较为文气的说法)等
十、“动词 + 介词 + …”的固定短语含义有时也不是一成不变的。这不仅取决于上下文,而且还得靠对 by 的基本含义的理解
例如:go by + … 可以理解为“从…旁边通过”,但当见到 go by the doctor’s advice 时,就应把这个 by 作“按照”去理解,译为“按照医生建议进行”。同理,abide by sb. 就应从原文本意“坚守在某人身旁”去理解为“支援或帮助某人”。又如 stick by … 作“忠于(某人)”、“坚持(意见等)”讲,就应从动词 stick(粘贴、不离开)和介词 by(“在旁边紧挨着”)去理解。其效果比死记硬背要好得多。
十一、副词 by 作“在近旁”、“从近旁”、“经过或过去”乃由介词短语 by… 发展过来,有时结合上下文还有引申的用法
- Walk by the window(从窗户旁走过去)→ walk by(从旁边走过去)
- stand by me(站在我旁边或支持我)→ stand by(站在一旁或袖手旁观)
- get by many people(从许多人近旁通过)→ get by(挤着通过)→(他的工作)还过得去→(她)勉强过活
- A lot of time has gone(或 passed)by since then. 从那时起已过了许多时间。
十二、副词 by 由“在近旁”引申到(放或搁等)“在一旁”,这时常可用 aside 代替
- a. lay (或 put, set) the work (或 the novel) by 放下工作(或这本小说)
b. lay (或 put, set)… by 放弃(不同意见即 the differences),戒除(坏习惯即 the bad habits),积蓄钱(由“将钱搁往一旁”引申过来),为顾客存留(一块新表)[后加 for a customer]- lie by (他)躺在一旁休息,(船)由于暴风雨顶风而停驶[后加 because of the storm]
- I always keep some pain-killers by. 我常备一些止痛药在身边。
十三、副词 by 作“顺便”讲,也是“从旁边”引申过来。
- Call by 顺便访问
- Come by 顺便来访[由“从旁边过来”引申过来]
- Drop by everytime you go downtown shopping. 每次你去商业区购买东西,就顺便看看我。
- Would you please stop by for one brief minute. 请顺便停下歇一下。