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-ever 构成的合成词的用法和判别 Whoever, Whichever, Whatever, Whenever, Wherever, However
-ever 构成的合成词的用法和判别 Whoever, Whichever, Whatever, Whenever, Wherever, However
以 -ever 构成的合成词在科技文章中常见的如下:
whoever 谁都……;无论谁
whichever 随便哪个;无论哪个
whatever 凡是……的;无论什么
whenever 随时;无论什么时候
wherever 无论哪里;无论到哪里
however 无论;可是
一、基本用法
ever 本是一个加强语气的词,这里作为词的后缀加于疑问词之后,不仅使疑问词语气有所加强(参阅第 40 节、五),而且也可变为具有让步含义,用于引出让步状语从句(参阅下面第 Ⅱ 项)。如从句中带有情态动词 may,也可表示一种可能性。-ever 引出的从句还可用作名词从句。现分别叙述如下:
I. 引出名词从句:
- Who ever has eyes can see what great achievements we have made in the past 25 years. 凡是有眼的人都能看到我们过去25年所取得的巨大成就。(主语从句)
- You may give the used car to whoever wants it. 你可以将这辆旧汽车送给任何要这辆车的人。(介词 to 后的宾语从句)
- We were ready to do whatever our mother wanted us to do. 当时母亲要我们干什么。我们就准备干什么。(todo 的宾语从句)
- What ever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做。(主语从句)
- You may take whichever book will interest you. 哪本书你感兴趣,你就可以拿哪本书。(宾语从句)
- He may write about whatever subject deals with test-tube babies. 他可写涉及试管婴孩的任何题目。(介词宾语从句)
- Whichever comes first may have enough time to do this experiment. 无论哪个先来,他就可以有足够时间做这个实验。(主语从句)
II. 引出让步状语从句:
- Whoever you may be, you have no right to do such a thing. 不论你是谁,你都无权做这种事。(可省略 may。)
- Whatever the reason maybe, the fact remains. 不论什么理由,事实依然变。(同上)
- Whatever happens (或 may happen), we will not change our plan. 不管发生什么事,我们决不改变计划。
- Whatever shape of a body may be, it is always possible to find out its volume. 不管物体形状如何,总是能求出它的体积的。
- You must finish this experiment today, whichever way you do it. 不管你用什么方法,这个实验你务必于今天做完。
- However perfect a pager is today, it will become outmoded in the future. 不管今天寻呼机如何完善,它在将来仍将变为过时。
- Whenever our motherland needs me, I will respond to her call. 无论什么时候,只要祖国需要我,我就一定响应祖国的号召。
- Wherever you go, you will always find the same thing. 不论你去哪里,你总会发现同样的事情。
- It is a difficulty to be avoided wherever (it is) possible. 这是无论在哪里都要尽可能避免的困难。
- It is a very fine house, whomever it belongs to. 这是一个好房子,不管它是属于谁的。(在口语中也可用 whoever 代替 whomever。)
注:以上各句可用“no matter + 相应的疑问词”构成另一结构类型的让步状语从句代之,而句义相同。
注意 whatever 等词引出的让步从句内的 may 有时可省略(见上面第 1,2 句)。此外,如果改用 “may have + 过去分词“,则表示过去的动作。例如:
- The meeting was a success, however inadequate the preparations may have been. 不管(当时)准备得如何不充分,但是这个会开得还是成功的。
- He had to continue to study hard, whatever progress he may have made.(当时)不论他进步多大,他仍须继续努力学习。
III. 引出具有强调语气的时间、地点、方式状语从句:
- Wherever there is plenty of sun and rain, the fields are green. 哪里阳光雨水充足,哪里的田野就绿油油的。(地点状语从句)
- Whenever people say that sort of thing, you know they don't mean cloning technology. 每当人们说那种事时,你知道他们并不是指克隆技术而言的。(时间状语从句)
- You may solve the problem whichever way you like. 哪种方法你喜欢,就用哪种方法解这道题。(方式状语从句)
- He goes there whenever he has time. 他一有时间就到那儿去。(时间状语从句)
- We will go wherever our service is needed in our motherland. 在祖国境内,需要我们到哪里服务,我们就去哪里。(地点状语从句)
Ⅳ. however 作“可是”、“不过”讲,作插入语用;有时作连词。例如:
- However, we will look into the matter later. 不过我们以后还要调查这件事。(插入语)
- Kerosene molecules, however, have longer carbon chains than gasoline molecules. 可是煤油的分子比汽油分子具有更长的碳链。(插入语)
- He said that it was so; however, he was mistaken. 他说这是如此;可是他错了。(连词)
Ⅴ. 在疑问句中 however, whatever, wherever, whenever, whichever, whoever 作“究竟如何、究竟什么、究竟何处、究竟何时、究竟哪个(或哪些)、究竟谁”讲。注意其中 ever 还可分出来单独写。详见第 40 节、五。
二、判别时的几个注意点
I. 如何判别 whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的从句是名词性从句还是让步从句。
当 whatever 等词引导名词性从句时,主句中一定有一个成分(主语、宾语或介词宾语)要由从句来顶替,故从句和主句之间多半就没有逗号。例如:
- Whatever we do should be in keeping with our plan. 那时凡是我们所做的,都应和我们的计划相一致。(顶主句的主语)
- We will do whatever the people think necessary. 凡是人民认为需要做的事,我们就要去做。(顶主句的宾语)
- He succeeded in whatever he undertook. 那时凡是他所承担的事情,他都成功了。(顶主句中介词的宾语)
- With the development of modern electrical engineering, we can transmit power to wherever it is needed. 随着现代电力工程的发展,我们能把电力输送到需要电力的任何地方。(顶主句中介词 to 的宾语)
- Whoever did it made a mistake. 当时无论谁做此事,就犯了错误。(顶主句的主语)
II. whatever 在让步从句中作表语用时,可以省略 be。
Friction always opposes the motion, whatever its direction. 不论方向如何,摩擦总是阻碍运动的。
III. 注意 whatever 作定语用时的两种词序。
whatever 可以修饰名词(见下面第 1 句),作“无论怎样的”讲,但修饰 any 或当前面有否定词时,则 whatever 就放在所修饰的词的后面(见下面第 2、3、4、5 句)。
- Whatever weather it is, we will carry out this test. 不管天气怎样(原意为“不管什么样的天气”),我们一定要进行这个试验。
- We cannot see anyone whatever. 无论什么样的人我们也看不见。
- No one whatever would design those old-fashioned machines. 无论谁也不会去设计那些老式机器。
- There is no doubt whatever about that. 关于那件事绝无疑义。
- In mechanics the word "resistance" is generally used to mean anything whatever that tends to oppose motion. 在力学中,“阻力“这个词一般用来指凡是趋向于阻碍运动的任何作用而言。