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“比较级 + than”的用法和注意点
“比较级 + than”的用法和注意点
一、用于对两者进行比较。在 than 后面的比较状语从句内,与主句相同部分可省略,而不同部分须写出。有时 than 后的从句有主语、谓语颠倒现象
- This multimedia computer works better than my PC (或 personal computer). 这台多媒体计算机比我的个人计算机运作得好。
- We can hear sounds with frequencies greater than 16 and less than 20,000 vibrations per second. 我们能听到频率为每秒钟大于 16 次和小于 20,000 次振动的声音。(比较级形容词短语作后置定语。)
- This work is more difficult than I thought. 这项工作比我原先想的还要艰巨。
- In some places, the oceans are deeper than a mountain is high. 有些地方海洋深度大于山峰的高度。
- The bridge will be completed earlier than (it will) when I am out. 这座桥的竣工时间将比我外出不在时还提前。(意译)
- Copper wire allows a larger current than does iron wire. 铜丝容许通过的电流比铁丝大。(does 为代动词。注意 than 后主语、谓语可能颠倒。)
- This condenser is of higher capacity than is actually needed. 这个电容器的容量比实际需要的大. (注意 than 后面的从句省略了主语 it.)
- In science, more than in any other human institution, it is necessary to search out the past in order to understand the present and to control the future. 科学比任何其它社会事业更需要探索既往,以便了解现在,掌握将来。(本句中两个不同部分进行比较的是地点状语,只是其位置在句首而已。译文也未按原文结构翻译。)
- He is a better than average pianist. 他是位中上等的钢琴家。
- However, under these conditions grass is more sensitive than normal to short age of water. 可是,在这些条件下,草对缺水比正常情况要敏感。
- As she was tired after a long walk, she went to bed much earlier than usual. 由于厂距离步行后感到疲乏,她去睡觉就比平时为早。(注意不能用 usually 代替 usual)。
注:注意“more than + 形容词或分词”的用法可理解为“很…”或“超过”等。例如:
1)She is more than glad to help others. 她帮助别人感到很高兴。
2)I am more than pleased with the result. 我对结果深为满意。
3)Then the more-than-human inventor of electric lamps was only 34 years old. 那时这位超人的电灯发明家才 34 岁。
注:本项内的 more 也可改为其它比较级。例如:"Challenger" was travelling in a lower-than-planned or bit. “挑战者号”那时正在比预定计划为低的轨道上运行。
二、单个 more 是 many(“许多”,用于可数名词复数)和 much(“许多”,用于不可数名词)的比较级
- In this container there is more water than in that one. 这个容器内的水比那个容器多。
- Pig iron is an alloy of iron and carbon with the carbon content more than 2.0 percent. 生铁是铁和碳的合金,其中碳含量大于 2.0%。
- He has more English books than I (have 或 do). 他的英语书比我多。
三、注意比较级和 than 割裂的情况
- This small lamp has a higher resistance than that large one. 这个小灯泡的电阻比那个大灯泡的大。
- In this device there are more machine parts than in that one. 在这个装置内机器零件比那个装置多。
- We have collected more materials from the computer network than from the books. 我们从计算机网络收集的材料已比从书中收集的多。(意译)
- Our company has produced more mobile phones this year than last year. 我公司今年生产的移动电话比去年多。
有时,比较级和 than 之间甚至插进了一个从句。例如:
- In this case you will expect liquids to expand more when (they are) heated than solids do. 在本情况下,你会料想到液体受热时要比固体膨胀得多。
- You get more tired when you lift a heavy load than a light one. 举一个重物时,你就觉得比举一个轻物要累。
四、注意比较级前加 much, a lot, a great deal, many, far, by far, still 或 even, a little, a bit, 数字 + times, any (如 any more 或 any longer 等用于疑问句或否定句)等
- We must unite to win still greater victories. 我们必须团结起来争取更大的胜利。
- Computers translate English into Chinese much (或 far) faster than we. 计算机英译汉比我们快得多。
- Sound travels much more slowly than light. 声音的传播比光慢得多。
- T1 is a lot higher than T2 . T1 比 T2 高得多。(句中 a lot 也可用 much 或 a great deal 代之,意思相同。若用 more than ten degrees 代替 a lot,则句意变为:T1 比 T2 高 10 度以上。)
- He has learnt many more English words than I. 他学的英语单词比我多得多. (由于 words 是可数名词,故必须用 many, 不能用 much.)
- The furnace should be built a little (或 a bit) higher than that one. 这个炉子应比那个炉子修建得稍高一点。
- This method is far better than that one. 这种方法远比那种方法好。(也可用 by far 代之,而 by far 置于句末更妥。)
- It is even (或 still) faster than the fastest plane. 这比最快的飞机还要(或更)快。
- This rod is 4 inches longer than that one. 这根杆比那根长四英寸。(净增加数值)
- He runs twice faster than I. 他跑步比我快一倍。(通常理解为快一倍,极少理解为快两倍。)
五、注意 not 和 no 同“比较级 + than”连用时的含义差别(见第 76 节第二项)
六、以 -or 结尾的七个形容词有比较级含意,却不用 than 连接一个比较状语从句,而用介词 to 引出一个被比较的对象
- This IP phone is (much 或 far) superior in quality to that one. 这部网络电话的质量比那部(远为)优越。
- My knowledge is (far 或 much) inferior to yours. 我的知识远远不如你。
- My arrival in Beijing is posterior to that of Prof. Lu. 我比卢教授后到达北京。
注:上述带 -or 的形容词比较级一般无相应的原级,前面不能用 very 之类副词修饰。类似的还有 senior(年长于),junior(年幼于),anterior(早于),prior(较先于)等。其中只有 superior 和 inferior 允许前面加 much 或 far。
七、用比较级形式表示最高级含义的方法
- The College of Education Building is higher than all other buildings (或 any other buildings) in this town. 在这个城镇内,教育学院大楼比所有(或任何)其它楼高。
- He is taller than any his classmates. 他的身材比他的所有同学高。(把他自己不包括在被比较的范围内。本句不再用 other,因后面 his 已表明。)
- The moon is much closer to the earth than any stars. 月亮比任何星球离地球近得多。(月亮不算行星或恒星。不属于同类比较’就不必加 other。)
八、注意带比较级的主句中有省略成分
- Better to do well than to say well. 说得好不如做得好。(句首省略 It is)
- Easier said than done. 说易做难。(完整说法是:It is easier to be said than to be done. )
九、“the + 比较级……(从句),+ the + 比较级……(主句)”结构表示“越……越……”之意
- The more you practise, the more you know. 实践越多,知道越多。
- The warmer water (is), the faster it evaporates. 水越热,蒸发得越快。
- The smaller the particles (are), the more freely do they move. 粒子越小,动得越自由。(本句第二部分主谓语不颠倒也可,即去掉 do。)
- The more you learn, the more you find you don't know. 学得越多,就发现知道东西越少。(未按原文结构翻译。注意第二个 the more 是和 find 后的宾语从句的谓语 don't know 有关。)
- The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你越用功,你进步就越大。(当后面的主句为将来时态时,本句型的从句要用现在时代替将来时。)
- The harder the shrub is to grow, the higher (is) the price. 灌木越难长高,其价格就越高。
- The sooner, the better. 越快越好。
- More haste, worse speed. 欲速则不达。
上述各句中,第一部分是比较状语从句,第二部分为主句。主句和从句之间的逗号有时就可不用。本句型中的比较级前的 the 并不是冠词,而是副词。前面的 the 有 by how much 含义,而后面的 the 有 by so much 含义。本句型常省略某些成分:系动词 is, are 常可省略(见第 2,3,6 句),有时连主语和谓语都不见了(见第 7 句),甚至比较级前的 the 也都省略了(见第 8 句)。有时主句中主语、谓语可能出现颠倒现象(见第 3 句)。
十、注意“正常语序 + 比较级…(主句),the + 比较级…(从句)”结构的用法
- Therefore a compound is considered the more stable, the smaller its potential energy. 因此势能越小,化合物就被认为越稳定。(=Therefore the smaller the potential energy, the more stable a compound is considered. )
- You sing the better, the more you practise. 练习越多就唱得越好。 (the more you practise, the better you sing.)
- An object draws the harder, the more matter it contains. 物体含有的质量越多,它的引力就越大。(=The more matter an object contains, the harder it draws.)
这里,比较状语从句在主句之后。这是根据主句中主语和谓语等句子成分是正常语序,不是“the + 比较级”在句首这种形式来判断的,但在翻译时,仍必须先译从句,后译主句。
注 1:如果用连词 when 将主句和从句连接起来,主句和从句仍用比较级以表示“越……越……”含义,则“the + 比较级”不必置于句首,并且其中 the 也根本不必加。例如:When we encounter more difficulties, we should be more spirited; when we are more at danger, we should be more courageous. 遇到困难越多,就越应振作精神;处境越危险,就越应鼓足勇气。
注 2:有时主句虽无比较级,但仍有词表示增减含意,而这时比较状语从句仍在主句后面,仍用“the + 比较级…”结构。例如:The temperature of the earth is the higher the deeper you go. 你越往深处探测,地球温度就越高。
注 3:表示“越……越……”含义的近义句不少,但用法不完全相同. 请参阅第 12 节、三。
注 4:注意下列句中“the + 形容词比较级”已名词化了:There were two rooms in the beach house, the smaller of which served as a kitchen. 那时这幢海滨房子里有两个房间,其中较小的一间作厨房用。