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句子的种类
句子的种类
一、按句子的目的来分,有下列四种
Ⅰ. 陈述句 用来叙述一项事实。
A. 基本结构:主语 + 谓语 + ……
- They often talk English. 他们常讲英语。
- Instant noodles sell well. 方便面畅销。
- TV home shopping is popular here this year. 今年电视直销在这里很受欢迎。
注:there be 句型和某些倒装句中主语和谓语有颠倒现象(见第 148 节、一)。
B. 否定结构:主语 + 谓语(随主语而变的 be、have 或助动词、情态动词) + not + …
- Glass is not a conductor. 玻璃不是导体。
- Henry will not join in our discussion. 享利将不参加我们的讨论。
- He has not bought a P.C. yet. 他尚未买个人计算机。
- Prof. Lu doesn't get online on Sundays. 卢教授星期日不上网。
注:英语还有用 never, neither, no, none, nothing, nobody, hardly, scarcely 等词表示否定意义,详见上述词的用法索引。
II. 疑问句 用来提出疑问,句末用问号“?”。疑问句的语序一般都部分倒装,即把谓语中的 be (如 is, are 等),助动词或情态动词等放到主语之前。当谓语由行为动词单独构成时,则须在主语前面加助动词 do (或 does, did 等)。疑问句有下列四种形式:
A. 一般疑问句
- Are you college students? 你们是大学生吗?
- Have you improved the operating rules? 你们改进了操作规程吗?
- Does she go by the safety rules? 她遵守安全规程吗?
- Is there anybody in the room? 房间里有人吗?
注 1:一般疑问句通常要求用 yes 或 no (或 not at all 等)来回答。对问句表示同意时,除 yes 外,还可用下列同义词语:certainly一定,of course 当然,please do 请便好了,with pleasure 好的,if you please 随你便,quite so 相当对,exactly 正是如此,absolutely 绝对是的,quite right 说得对(或很对),I think so 我想是这样的,yes, if you like 是啊,随意好了,by all means 完全可以或务必这样等。
注 2:英语用否定句形式提问,而在回答时,仍可把它视为肯定句形式的问句来回答。但译成汉语时,差别很大。例如:
Haven't you been to Shanghai? 你没去过上海吗?
Yes,I have. 不,我去过。
No,I haven't. 是,我没去过。
B. 特殊疑问句 疑问句前出现疑问词的,叫做特殊疑问句。这时句中主语、谓语仍按一般疑问句的要求,需要部分颠倒。只有当主语或主语部分有疑问词出现时,主语、谓语才不颠倒。
- What is the reason for your being late? 你迟到的原因何在?(句中 What 作表语)
- How can we keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research? 我们怎样才能跟上现代科学研究的新发展?
When and where did he buy the pager? 他何时何地买了这个寻呼机?- Who has read this book? 谁读过这本书?
- Which English books were bought by you yesterday? 你昨天买了哪些英语书?
- How long is Shanghai’s Metro Route 2?上海地铁二线有多长?
注 1:如果特殊疑问句中插入以一般疑问句形式出现的插入句,则特殊疑问句本身的主语、谓语仍按正装语序排列。例如:How many test-tube babies did she say she had seen there? 她说她在那边见到了多少个试管婴儿?
注 2:注意句子成份不齐全的特殊疑问句。
1) What about our going shopping? 我们去购物怎样?
2) How about watching TV? 看电视怎样?
3) Why go to her office? 为什么去她的办公室?(持否定态度。)
4) Why not have a chat with him? 为什么不和他聊聊?(表示肯定的建议。)
5) Dad is reading a novel. 爸爸正在读一本小说。
Who by (或 By whom)? 谁写的?
6) I wrote a letter yesterday. 我昨天写了一封信。
Who to (或 To whom)? 给谁写的?
注 3:名词从句(如主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)用疑问词引导时,其后面的主语、谓语不必颠倒。例如:I don't know when the conference will be held. 我不知道该会何时举行。(when 引出宾语从句。若将 I don't know 改为 My question is, 则 when 引出表语从句。)
C. 选择疑问句 句型结构和一般疑问句相同,只是句中用连词 or 提供两个或更多个选择方案。
- Are you doing this test or that one? 你在做这项试验还是那项试验?
- Will you go online or stay here? 你将去上网还是留在这里?
- Do you work in Tianjin or in Beijing? 你在天津还是在北京工作?
D. 反意疑问句 提问者先提出情况和看法,然后问对方是否同意。在句子结构上是前面部分用陈述句的形式,后面部分用前面部分的简短问句形式提问。必须注意,如果前面部分是肯定句,则后面简短问句用否定式;如果前面部分为否定句,则后面简短问句就用肯定式. 例如:
- She is your teacher, isn't she?她是你们的老师,对不?
- He hasn't been to Japan, has he? 他没去过日本,是吗?
- They said nothing about it, did they? 他们关于这件事没说什么,对吗?
- He has to learn English, does’t he? 他得学英语,是吗?(注意句末否定式与前面谓语动词组成部分不同。)
- She never used to drive any car, did she? 她过去从来不开汽车,是吗?(同上)
注:注意下列句子却不是反意疑问句:
1) Let’s go and see the film, shall we? 我们去看电影,怎样?(征求对方意见,共同进行某一动作。)
2) a. Send an e-mail, will you? 发一封电子邮件,好吗?(用于第二人称,含有命令口吻。不算反意疑问句。)
b. Have a cup of tea, won't you? 请喝一杯茶。(用于请客场合,仍是反意疑问句。)
c. (It is a) Fine day, isn’t it? 天气很好,是吧?(仍是反意疑问句。)
E. 疑问句的其它难点在于它用于强调句型或在问句中插入定语从句:
- When was it that he made up his mind to take a trip to Beijing? 是什么时候他决定去北京旅行的?(被强调的是状语 when。因它是疑问词,在构成特殊疑问句时就置于句首,后面 it was 也就颠倒。)
- When is a body which is free to turn about a point balanced? 在某一支点上能自由摆动的物体何时平衡?
III. 祈使句 用来提出请求、命令、建议或祝愿等。主语 you 常省略。
- Be careful! 小心!
- Don’t be late! 别迟到!
- Please don’t make any noise! 请勿喧哗!
- Let’s go for a walk. 让我们去散步吧!
- May you succeed. 祝你成功。
- Long live our friendship! 我们的友谊万岁!
Ⅳ. 感叹句 目的在于表示强烈的感情。常用 what 和 how 引出强调部分并放在句首(what 修饰名词, how 修饰形容词、副词)。
- What a tall TV tower (it is)! 多高的电视塔啊!
- How tall the TV tower is! 这座电视塔多么高啊!
- How fast he is working! 他干得多快啊!
- What a mistake (it is) to have rejected the suggestion! 否定了这个建议是多么错误啊!
- How time flies! 时间过得多快啊!
- The bridge is absolutely unsafe! 这座桥绝对危险!(注意用陈述句加惊叹号构成的感叹句。使用时要用升调和惊叹语气。)
注:有时见到疑问句否定式或肯定式结构,但句末用惊叹号,应按感叹句去理解。例如:
1) Wasn't it a wonderful match! 这是一场太精彩的比赛了! (注意无否定含义。)
2) Am I angry! 我太生气了!
二、按句子结构来分,有下列三种
Ⅰ. 简单句只有一套主谓结构,但容许有并列主语、并列谓语。(例句略)
II. 并列复合句含有两套或更多相互并列的主谓结构的句子,叫做并列复合句。换句话说,它是由两个或更多个并列的简单句构成的。各分句靠连词和逗号、分号来连接。
- We study English and they (study) Japanese. 我们学英语,而他们学日语。
- We often go to the countryside as well as (we often go) to factories. 我们常下厂,也常下乡。
- Computers are not only necessary, but they also play an important role in the national economy. 计算机不仅需要,而且在国民经济中起着颇为重要的作用。
- Water has weight; air has weight too, but it is very light. 水有重量;空气也有重量,但空气很轻。
- A body must move, otherwise (或 or, or else) no work is done. 物体必须移动,否则就没有作功。
- It is blowing hard, so (或 and so, therefore, hence)we must close all the windows. 正刮着大风,所以我们必须关上所有窗户。
- He speaks very fast, nevertheless we understand him. 他说话很快,然而我们仍能听懂。
- He thought (that) it was gold, whereas it was only a brass. 他认为这是黄金,而实际上只是一件黄铜器。(宾语从句为两个并列分句。)
- Either the skin will become diseased, or the blood will be injured by being forced to retain its impurities. 强使污物留下,不是引起皮肤病,就是伤害血液。
同时也须注意,用 so 代替前句(限于肯定句)中出现的句子成分,并要求句子成分倒装(见第 10、11 句)。在否定句中,则用 neither 或 nor 代替否定句中出现的有关成分(见第 12,13 句)。
- Heat is energy, so is electricity. 热是能,电也是能。
- He likes to study English, so do I. 他喜欢学英语,我也喜欢。
- Neither is he mistaken, nor am I. 既非他错,也非我错。
- Ms.Liao does not speak French, neither(或 nor)do I. 廖女士不会讲法语,而我也不会。
- The oil must be out, for the lamp has gone out. 油一定用完了,因为灯已熄灭。(后一句通过 for 补充说明,故未用 because。)
- Liquids, however, resist change of size(or volume), gases do not. 可是,液体不会有尺寸大小即体积的变化,但气体就有这种变化。(本句用逗号连接两个并列分句。)
- More than 150 students took the entrance examination, yet out of them only 90 passed. 当时参加入学考试的学生超过 150 人,但仅有 90 人通过。
- His painting is not very valuable—still I like it. 他的绘画不是很值钱—但我喜欢它。
要特别注意 when, while, until 等连词引出的并列分句,多数前面有逗号。例如:
- He was about to go on, when a new idea made him stop. 他正想继续走下去,而一个新的念头使他停了下来。
- She studies harder, while her brother is not a hard student. 他学习较努力,而她的兄弟却不是个用功的大学生.
- The little baby grew more and more sickly, until presently he died. 那婴孩病得越来越重,终于不久死去。
III. 主从复合句 含有两套或更多的主谓结构,其中有一个是主要的主谓结构,其它主谓结构从属于它并担任其句子成分。这个主要的主谓结构为主句,其它附属于它的主谓结构为从属句,担任主句中某个成分,如主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语、定语、同位语、状语(包括地点、条件、时间、原因、让步、比较、结果等状语)。从句担任哪个句子成分,这个从句就叫做该成分的从句,如主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等即是。兹举例如下:
- Who made these improvements is unknown. 谁作了这些改进,大家都不知道。(主语从句)
- It is certain that he will come to the discussion. 他来参加讨论是肯定无疑的。(主语从句,为形式主语。)
- Our conclusion is that he must keep up with the times. 我们的结论是:他必须跟上时代的发展。(表语从句)
- I don't know who invented computers. 我不知道谁发明了计算机。(宾语从句)
- What do you know about how the IP phone works? 关于网络电话如何工作你知道些什么呢?(介词宾语从句)
- A generator is a machine that (或 which) changes (或 transforms) mechanical energy to electrical energy. 发电机是将机械能变为电能的一种机器。(定语从句)
- He has come to the conclusion that science and education are quite important to the national economy. 他已得出结论:科学和教育对国民经济颇为重要。(同位语从句)
- If (或 When) I have enough money,I would like to go on a trip. 如果我有足够的钱(或当我有足够的钱时),我就愿专旅行。(条件状语从句或时间状语从句)
- Since this method doesn’t work, let them try another one. 既然这个方法不行,就让他们试用另外一种方法。(原因状语从句)
- This is where my mother lives. 这就是我母亲居住的地方。(表语从句)
You have to go where you met that experienced programmer. 你务必去你当初遇到那位有经验的程序员的地方。(地点状语从句)
从上述例句中可看出,从句只作句子某个成分,并且还要靠 that(无词义;仅在第 6 句中 that 代替前面的 machine,并在从句中作主语),which,where,when,if,since 等词来引出从句。我们把这些词统称为关联词。这些词不限于引导某一种从句,同时还有其它用法。这些正是本手册的重点内容。可在目录中按字母顺序查这些词的用法,又可从语法目录中各种主从复合句中查出这些词可引导哪几种从句。这里,我们拟提一下 where by(借此,凭此),whence(自该处),where in (在那里,在那点上),where on(在那上面)等引出定语从句的用法,并举例如下:
- This is the best method where by (=by which) we produce such chemicals. 这是我们生产这样一些化学制品的最好方法。
- He has returned whence (=to the place from which) he came. 他已回到他出来的地方。
- These are matters where in (=in which) I differ from you. 这些是我和你看法不同的问题。
- The island where on (=on which) he lived for many years is far from Shanghai. 他住过多年的岛离上海很远。