That 和 Those 的基本用法和判别

一、that 的基本用法

I. that 表示“那”、“那个”，而 those 表示“那些”。两者都作定语用。

1. He is using that electronic dictionary. 他正在使用那个电子辞典。
2. This portable phone is smaller than that one. 这个手机比那个（手机）小。
3. These IP phones work better than those ones. 这些 IP 电话（指网络电话）比那些（IP 电话）工作好。

II. that, those 作指示代词。

A. 用以指示所说及的单个人或物，有时代表前面句子的整个意思。

1. This is a manager; that is a student. 这是一位经理；那是一位学生。
2. These are machines; those are instruments. 这些是机器；那些是仪表。
3. Computers are of great help to our technicians. That is why we widely use them in different branches of science and engineering. 计算机对我们的工程技术人员大有帮助，这就是为什么我们在各个不同的科学和工程部门中广泛使用计算机的缘故。（that 代替前面整个句子。）
4. He makes mistakes in spelling, and that very often. 他拼错单词，并且常犯。（同上）
5. She has studied chemistry for years and that under the guidance of a well-known professor. 她学习化学多年，并且还是在一位有名教授指导下学习的。（同上）
6. You must tell him, and that at once. 你必须告诉他，而且是马上告诉他。（这里 that 实际上代表前面整个句子。）
7. The snow began to come down and that in earnest. 开始下雪了，而且下得很大。（句中 that 实际上代表 to come down 这个词组的相应形式。in earnest 原意是“认真地”，而这里系意译。）

注：有时 and that 引出一个并列的从句。例如：This means that the current increases proportionately to every decrease of resistance, and that the current decreases proportionately to any increase of resistance. 这意味着，电流的增加和电阻的减小成正比，而电流的减小和电阻的增加成正比。

B. 用以避免重复某一名词（避免重复某复数名词时就用 those）。

1. This furniture is different from that. 这种家具不同于那种（家具）。（that 后不能加 one, 因 furniture 为不可数名词。）
2. The most common acceleration is that of freely falling bodies. 最普通的加速度是自由落体的加速度。
3. The volume of the sun is much larger than that of the earth. 太阳的体积比地球的体积大得多。
4. Natural water is that which contains impurities. 天然水是含有杂质的一种水。
5. The tasks of the manager are greater than those of his assistant. 经理的任务比他的助手大。
6. The atoms of one element are different from those of all other elements. 一种元素的原子不同于所有其它元素的原子。
7. To purify water in this way is cheaper than that of many other processes. 用这种方法净化水比许多其它过程净化水便宜。（that 代替前面顶一个名词作主语用的不定式短语。）

III. that 作关系代词（代替人或物），引导限制性定语从句。当 that（或 which）在定语从句中作宾语或介词宾语时常可省略（见下列第 2，3，4 句）。

1. They are the graduate students that (或 who) have designed a new generation of computer. 他们是设计新一代计算机的研究生。
2. This is the same instrument (that) I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天所用的那个相同的仪器。（也可用 the same…as 代替 the same…that。）
3. Power is the rate (that) mechanical work is performed at. 功率是作机械功的速率。
4. He is reading over there the book (that) he bought yesterday. 他在那边正在读他昨天买的那本书。
5. In fact, he had designed machines that he thought would fly. 事实上他已设计了他认为会飞的机器。（注意这里 he thought 为插入句，that 仍接一个定语从句。）
6. When I think of a word that I am not sure I can spell, I use the electronic dictionary. 当我想到一个我没有把握能拼写出来的单词时，我就使用电子辞典。

注：注意 that 作关系副词并引出定语从句（详见本专题第 Ⅸ 项）。

Ⅳ. that 作从属连接词，在句中没有实在意义，只起连接从句的作用，引导主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句或表语从句。注意其中由句首 that 引出主语从句较少见。常见的是用 it 作先行代词，然后在主句后接主语从句。宾语从句由 that 引出的，也有先用先行代词 it，然后在适当位置由 that 引出宾语从句。

1. That lightning is nothing else but an electric spark has long been known. 闪电不外乎是电火花而已，人们早就知道。（主语从句）
2. It was known long ago that air has pressure. 很早以前，人们就知道空气有压强。（主语从句。也可写成：That air has pressure was known long ago. ）
3. I think it necessary that he (should) carry out this test. 我认为有必要让他进行这一试验。（宾语从句，而 it 为形式宾语，necessary 为宾语补语。）
4. This shows that something unexpected may have turned up. 这表明可能出现了意料不到的情况。（宾语从句）
5. Liquids are like solids in that they have a definite volume. 液体和固体一样，都有一定的体积。（介词宾语从句）
6. Now they all know the fact that China has been greatly changed. 现在他们都知道中国变化大这个事实。（同位语从句）
7. The truth is that the current increases with every decrease of resistance. 电流随每次电阻减小而增加，这是真理。（表语从句）
8. Their suggestion remains that the working conditions should be changed. 他们的建议依然是要改变工作条件。（表语从句）
9. That he speaks softly is no proof that he is kind. 他说话温和决不能证明他为人仁慈。（句首 That 引出主语从句，第二个 that 引出同位语从句。）
10. There is nothing (that) I want more than that you should be happy and contented. 我要的就是让你愉快满意，别无其它。（nothing 后为定语从句，than 后的名词从句内容是和前面 nothing I want 相比较，而 more than… 为 nothing 的后置定语。）
11. We are sure (that) the plan has been thought out very carefully, indeed. 我们确信那个计划确是非常仔细地考虑出来的。（宾语从句）

注：当不用从句而用词组来表示时，多半是在 sure, afraid 等词之后改用 of…，如上句可改为；We are sure of the plan. 我们确信那个计划。

1. a. We are afraid (that) it will rain today. 我们怕今天下雨。（宾语从句）
   b. We are not afraid of any difficulty. 我们不怕任何困难。
2. I know that my task is difficult. Also that I should do my best to fulfill it in time. 我知道任务艰巨，也知道应该尽力而为，及时完成。（第二句实质上是和第一句中的宾语从句并列的。）

V. 由 that, so (或 such) that, so (或 such)… that, in order that, to the end that, only that 引导原因从句、目的从句、结果从句、条件从句。例如：

1. I am sorry that I have given you so much trouble. 对不起，给你添了那么多麻烦。（原因状语从句。句中 that 还可省略。）
2. He is glad that he has heard from his teacher. 他接到老师来信，感到很高兴。（原因状语从句。句中 that 还可省略。）

注：能引导上述类型的原因状语从句的主句表语，一般都是表示情感的形容词。例如：thankful（感激的），surprised（惊奇的），proud（自豪，骄傲），satisfied（满意的），pleased（愉快的），annoyed（烦恼的），disappointed（失望的），content（满足的）等。

1. We must keep ourselves healthy that (或so that) we may study and work well. 我们必须保持身体健康，才能学习得好，工作得好。（目的状语从句）
2. The product contains so little impurity that it is impossible to measure it by an ordinary method. 该产品中杂质含量如此之少，以致用普通方法都不能测得。（结果状语从句）
3. The structure of the instrument must be designed in such a way that it can stand any vibration. 这种仪表的结构务必设计成能经受住任何震动。（结果状语从句）
4. When the state or condition of a body is such that it can do work, the body is said to possess energy. 当物体处于能作功的状态或条件时，我们就说该物体具有能量。（结果状语从句）
5. The watt is a small unit of power, so (that) we use the kilowatt instead. 瓦特是功率的小单位，因此我们用千瓦代替。（结果状语从句）
6. In order that such a reaction maybe possible, heat must be removed from the gas. 为了使这种反应可能发生，必须从气体中移去热量。（目的状语从句）
7. He shouted at the top of his voice, to the end that (或 in order that) he might be heard. 他尽力大声喊叫，为的使别人能够听见。（目的状语从句）
8. She would help you, only that she is too busy. 要不是她太忙，她是愿意帮助你的。（条件从句。实际上她帮助不了你，故用 would 表示虚拟语气。）
9. He often praises others only that he may be praised. 他常常只是为了求得别人的表扬而称赞别人。（目的状语从句）

Ⅵ. that 用在加强语气的“It is… that”结构里（详见第 57 节、一、V）：

1. It was the student that showed his interest in this problem. 就是这个学生曾对该问题表示过感兴趣。（强调主语）
2. It is in the place that we often have meetings. 这就是我们经常开会的地方。（强调状语）
3. It was the letter that he wrote in haste yesterday. 他昨天匆匆忙忙写的正是这封信。（强调宾语）
4. It was because they asked me to do this work that I did it. 正是因为他们请我做这项工作，我才做的。（强调状语从句）

Ⅶ. that is (= i.e.) 连用，作“也就是”讲，在句中前后用逗号与其它部分隔开，作插入语用

Nickel steel is also elastic, that is, it can stand vibration, shocks, and wear. 镍钢也是有弹性的，即它能经受震动、冲击和磨损。

Ⅷ. that 作状语用，表示“那样”、“那么”含义：

1. We can't walk that far. 我们不能走那么远。
2. I have done only that much. 我只做了那么多。
3. If the tool is that bad, you mustn't use it. 如果工具那样坏，那末你们就不可使用了。
4. He was that (或 so) hungry he could have eaten a horse. 当时他是那么饿，简直能吃一匹马。

Ⅸ. 注意 that 可作关系副词，引出定语从句。

1. This was the reason that (= why) we raised the temperature. 这是我们升高温度的理由。（定语从句）
2. 1949 was the year that（= when）the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949 年是中华人民共和国成立的年份。（定语从句）
3. It is time that you (should) clean out the room. 现在该是你打扫房间的时候了。（定语从句，其中 that 还可省略。）
4. "Long live our Motherland!" We shouted with the loudest voice that (=with which) we could. “我们的祖国万岁！”我们以我们能呼喊的最大声音呼喊着。
5. This is not the way that (= in which) we did the test last time. 这不是我们上次做试验用的方法。
6. Water can dissolve many other substances. We take advantage of this property every time that we add some sugar to a cup of tea. 水能溶解许多其它物质。每当我们将一些糖放入一杯茶中时，就是利用了水的这种性能。（every time that 引出时间状语从句，其中 that 还可省略。）

注：上述六句中 that 都是关系副词。对于第 6 句中的 that，也可理解为引出定语从句。只是现在都简便地将 every time that 看作引出时间状语从句而已。

X. 含 that 固定词组引出其它从句：

1. Not that the English book is hard to read, but that he has no time. 不是由于这本英语书难读，而是因为他没有时间。（句中两个 that 可理解为相当于 because 之意，也可理解为句首省略了 it is。）
2. But that you provided us with necessary information we would not have started there search so soon. 要不是你们向我们提供必要的信息，我们不会如此早地开始做这项研究的。（非真实条件从句）
3. In that he is the monitor, he should preside at the meeting. 因为他是班长，所以他应该主持会议。（原因状语从句）
4. Now (that) I have finished my lessons, I intend to go for a walk. 既然我已做完功课，我就想去散步。（原因状语从句）
5. It will be more expensive to run a car now that petrol has gone up. 由于汽油已经上涨，开汽车花费就会贵了。（原因状语从句）
6. Now that you mention it, I do remember. 你一提，我就会想起来了。（now that 引出时间状语从句，其中 that 还可省略。）
7. We like him for the reason that he works hard. 我们喜欢他是因为他努力工作。（for the reason that 引出原因状语从句。）

二、that 用法的判别

I. 用以避免重复某一名词而用的 that，只代替单数名词（见本节、一 Ⅱ B 第 1，2，3，4 句）；若代替复数名词，得用 those（同前，第 5，6 句）。但有时得注意用 that 代替前面复数名词表示的事物中的一个。例如：

Mixing is used to produce simple physical mixtures, such as that of two or more miscible fluids, two or more uniformly divided solids, or a mixture of phases where no reaction or changes of particle size take place. 混合用于产生简单的物理混合物，例如由两种或两种以上的可溶混流体组成的混合物、两种或两种以上均匀细碎的固体组成的混合物或者不起反应或不发生粒度变化的两相或多相混合物。（句中 that 代替前面复数名词 mixtures 中的一个。）

II. 关系代词 that 在定语从句内则可代表前面单数或复数的名词（见 本节、一 Ⅲ 第 1，2 句）。当它在从句中作主语时，可以根据从句中谓语的数来判别 that 代替的名词是单数还是复数。

1. There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun. 天空中有千万个像太阳一样的星球。（that 后用 are，只能说明复数名词 stars，而不能说明 sky。）
2. Light waves are waves of energy that travel through space at the rate of 186,000 miles per second. 光波是以每秒 186,000 英里的速度通过空间的能波。（句中 that 之后的谓语 travel 是第三人称复数形式，故 that 不能说明 energy，而是说明 waves of energy 的。）

III. 前有 so, such, 后有 that 引导的从句，但 that 在从句中没有实在意义，不作句子成分，这乃是目的从句或结果从句的特征（见 本节、一 V 第 3～7 句）。但要注意其中省略 so 或 that 引出结果从句或目的从句的情况（见下列第 1，2，3 句）。除上述情况外，若前面没有 so, such 或 in order 等，that 在句中又不作句子成分，则可以根据句子逻辑意义、主句谓语要求和主句结构中缺少什么成分进行综合分析。在该情况下，多半是主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句（见下列第 4，5，6，7 句）。

1. The parts must be very strong (so) that they may not break in use. 零件必须十分坚固，才不会在使用中破损。（目的状语从句）
2. Something may be wrong (so) that (或 with the result that) the machine has stopped running. 可能有什么东西出了毛病，结果机器停止了运转。（结果状语从句）
3. We went early, so (that) we fulfilled our task in time. 我们去得早，所以按时完成了任务。（结果状语从句）
4. That A plus B is C is quite clear to all of us. 我们都清楚，A + B 等于 C。（主语从句。本句也可写成：It is quite clear to all of us that A plus B is C. 这时句中 It 为形式主语。）
5. We say that force is the action of one body on another. 我们说，力就是一物体对另一物体的作用。（宾语从句）
6. There can be no doubt that we shall succeed. 毫无疑问，我们会成功的。（同位语从句）
7. The fact is that my home computer works well. 事实是我的家用计算机工作很好。（表语从句）

Ⅳ. that 引导定语从句时，that 必须在从句中顶一个成分，这是判别 that 引导定语从句还是其它从句的一个重要标志。

1. Matter is anything that occupies space and possesses weight. 物质是任何占据空间并具有重量的东西。（定语从句。that 在定语从句内作主语。）
2. Joe made notes of everything (that) he read. 那时乔对于他所阅读的内容都作笔记。（定语从句。that 作宾语，并可省略。）

注：在 all, the thing, everything, anything, nothing 等这类词后有 that 修饰的定语从句时，只要 that 在定语从句内作动词的宾语或介词的宾语，在科技英语会话中多半被省略。

1. We know (that) sound can travel through air. 我们知道声音能够通过空气传播. （宾语从句。that 不作成分。）
2. An atom is so small that we cannot see it. 原子小得很，（以致）我们不能看见它。（结果状语从句。that 不作成分。）

V. 注意 that 省略的几种情况。

A. 在定语从句中，that 作动词的宾语或介词的宾语时可省略：

1. This is the Benz (that) I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的那辆奔驰车。
2. Liquids take on the shape of the container (that) they are placed in. 液体呈现盛它的容器的形状。
3. This is not the good bridge (that) I thought it to be。这不是我所想的那种好桥梁。（that 在定语从句内作宾语的“表语”。）

B. 注意科技文章中 that 代替 direction, distance, times 并在定语从句中作宾语或状语时被省略的情况。

1. One light year is the distance (that) light travels in one year. 一个光年是光在一年内走的路程。（作状语）
2. The direction of a magnetic field is the direction (that) the north pole of the compass point sin. 磁场的方向就是指南针北极所指的方向。（作介词 in 的宾语）

C. "so (或 such) that…”句型中有时省略 that，多半是结果状语从句，见下面第 1 句。用 that 引导的原因状语从句，有时也可以省略 that，见下面第 2 句。一般可根据逻辑判断。

1. The sound is so weak (that) you cannot hear it. 声音弱得你听不见（它）。（结果状语从句）
2. We are delighted (that) you can come. （因为）你能来，我们感到愉快。（原因状语从句）

D. 在 know, think, consider, find, say 等常用动词后的宾语从句内，常可省略连词 that; 在 sure, afraid, aware, convinced 等词后接宾语从句时，连词 that 也常可省略。

1. I think (that) his test will fail of success. 我认为他的试验不会成功。
2. We know (或 We are aware) (that) she will make her way. 我们知道她在事业上会有进展的。
3. I am sure (或 I am convinced) (that) your teachers are strict with you. 我确信，你们的老师对你们很严格。

注：尤其在口语中，甚至主语从句中的连词 that 都可省略。例如：

It is a pity you can’t go with us. 你不能和我们一起去，真是遗憾。

Ⅵ. 注意几个 that 连锁使用的情况。

1. You must remember, however, that the laws that apply to air apply to all other gases. 但是你必须牢记，那些适用于空气的定律，也适用于所有其它气体。（第一个 that 连接一个宾语从句，第二个 that 引导一个定语从句。）
2. Fruit sand vegetables that are grown in gardens that are treated only with organic fertilizers, that are not sprayed with poisonous insecticides, and that are not refined after harvest, are organic foods. 只施有机肥的园子里生长的水果和蔬菜都是有机食物。它们不用毒性杀虫剂喷洒，收获后不进行净制处理。（句中第一、三、四个 that 引出并列的三个定语从句，都修饰句首主语。第二个 that 是修饰前面 gardens 的定语从句。主句谓语为句末的 are organic foods.）
3. It is well known that the electron tube has been largely replaced by the transistor, that wonderful electronic device that can do practically anything (that) the electron tube can do, and more. 众所周知，电子管已基本上被晶体管所代替。晶体管是一种很出色的电子器件，电子管能做的事，它几乎都能做，甚至还能超过。（第一个 that 连接主语从句，第二个 that 作同位语的定语用，第三、四个 that 引出定语从句，而第四个 that 还可省略。）
4. That girl said (that) that “that” that that boy wrote on the blackboard was wrong. 那个女孩说，那个男孩在黑板上写的那个 "that" 是错的。（本句共有六个that。第一个修饰 girl。第二个 that 是连接宾语从句的从属连接词，在 say, know, think, consider 等动词后面接宾语从句时，一般可以省略不用。第三个 that 作定语用，修饰带引号的已名词化 "that"，而第五个 that 引导一个定语从句，说明前面带引号的 "that"。第六个 that 是定语，修饰 boy。）

Ⅶ. 在定语从句中关系代词 that 和which用法比较

A. 关系代词 that 只能用于限制性定语从句，而 which 既能用于限制性定语从句，又能用于非限制性定语从句。

1. Almost all airplanes are equipped with the instruments that (或 which) enable them to fly blind. 几乎所有的飞机都设置一些能使飞机靠仪表飞行的操纵仪表。（限制性定语从句）
2. The receiving station feeds the signals into the receiving machine, which types the message automatically. 接收站将信号送进接收机，而接收机将信息自动打印出来。（which 引出非限制性定语从句，不能用 that 代替 which。）

B. 在限制性定语从句内关系代词 that 不仅能代表物，而且还能代表人，而 which 只能代表物。但 which 能作介词宾语，而 that 则不能，除非介词挪到定语从句末。

1. Einstein was one of the greatest scientists that ever lived. 爱因斯坦是世上最伟大的科学家之一。（句中 that 不可用 which 代之，但可用 who 代之。）
2. We have studied out a method by which the agricultural production could be raised on a large scale. 我们研究出一种能使农业大规模增产的方法。（句中不能用 that 代替 which, 因 which 在这里作介词宾语。）
3. Beijing is the place that (或 which) the leaders of our country work and live in. 北京是我国领导人工作和居住的地方。（句中 that 或 which 还可省略。）

注 1：当 which 在定语从句内作表语或宾补时，也可指人。

注 2：有时偶而看到“in (或 except 等其它介词) + that…（接从句）”。注意这时 that 一般引出一个介词宾语从句，that 在从句内不作成分，无实在意义。例如：

1. Water is unusual in that the density of the solid phase, ice, is lower than that of the liquid phase, water. 水很不寻常，因为它的固相（冰）的密度比它的液相（水）的密度要低。（句中第一个 that 引出 in 的介词宾语从句。也可理解为 in that 引出一个原因状语从句。在这两种情况下 that 都只作连词用。第二个 that 代替前面的 the density。）
2. Radio waves are like light waves, except that their wave lengths are much longer. 无线电波和光波相似，所不同的只是无线电波的波长要长得多。