被动态和几个值得注意的问题

一、主动态和被动态的概念

主动态表示句子的主语是行为的发生者或执行者；被动态表示句子的主语是行为的承受者，即行为的对象。原主动句中的主语必须通过介词 by 引出来表示行为的发生者，而谓语必须用“be 的相应时态 + 过去分词”来表示。例如：

1. We built this plant in 1958. 1958 年我们盖了这个厂。（过去一般时主动态）
2. This plant was built by us in 1958. 这个工厂是由我们于 1958 年建造的。（过去一般时被动态）
3. Computer viruses have infected these computers. 计算机病毒已感染了这些计算机。（现在完成时主动态）
4. These computers have been infected by computer vi. ruses. 这些计算机已被计算机病毒感染了。（现在完成时被动态）

现以动词 tell [告诉]为例，列出被动态的各种时态表示形式的简表如下：

	一般	进行	完成
现在时	I am told he is told You are told We are told They are told	I am being told He is being told You are being told We are being told They are being told	He has been told You have been told We have been told They have been told
过去时	I was told He was told You were told We were told They were told	I was being told He was being told You were being told We were being told They were being told	I had been told He had been told You had been told We had been told They had been told
将来时	I shall be told We shall be told He will be told You will be told They will be told	没有将来进行时的被动态	I shall have been told We shall have been told He will have been told You will have been told They will have been told

1. 被动态没有将来进行时和完成进行时的各种时态；
2. 有情态动词的被动态构成形式是“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”。
3. 被动态中的 be 有时可用 get, remain, become, grow 等替换，词义有所变化。例如：Our technique is becoming increasingly specialized. 我们的技术正变得越来越专门化了.

二、被动态的几种表示形式

Ⅰ. 主语原来是主动态句的宾语：

A. 主语原来是主动态句“动词+直接宾语”中的直接宾语

1. Our work has been finished. 我们的工作已结束。
   主动态句：We have finished our work.
2. The shops were hurt by a weak market for conditioners. 这些商店受到疲软的空调器市场的打击。
   主动态句：A weak market for conditioners hurt the shops.
3. Theory must be combined with practice. 理论必须结合实际。
   主动态句：We must combine theory with practice.

B. 主语原来是主动态句“动词+副词+宾语”中的宾语

1. Heat and light are given off by the chemical change. 热和光可由该化学变化放出。
   主动态句：The chemical change gives off heat and light.
2. The TV set has been turned on. 电视机已经（被）打开了。
   主动态句：Somebody（某人）has turned on the TV set.

C. 主语原来是主动态句“动词+宾语+（有时加用as）宾语补语”中的宾语。在被动态中由于原宾语变为主语，故说明原宾语的宾语补语也随之变为说明主语的主语补语。例如：

1. Petroleum is known to be a mixture. 我们都知道石油是一种混合物。（未按原文被动态结构翻译）
   主动态句：We know petroleum to be a mixture.
2. Mr. Fang was seen repairing the washer. 有人看见方先生在修理洗衣机。（未按原文被动态结构翻译）
   主动态句：Somebody saw Mr. Fang repairing the washer.
3. The glass rod was found electrified. 当时发现该玻璃棒是带电的。（未按原文被动态结构翻译）
   主动态句：We found the glass rod electrified.
4. It is generally considered wrong to study without a plan. 一般认为，学习无计划是错误的做法。（未按原文被动态结构翻译。It 为形式主语，不定式短语为真正主语。）
   主动态句：We generally consider it wrong to study without a plan. （it 为形式宾语，不定式短语为真正宾语。）
5. Radio waves are regarded as radiant energy. 无线电波被认为是辐射能。
   主动态句：We regard radio waves as radiant energy.
6. This conclusion was accepted as true. （那时）这个结论人们信以为真。（未按原文被动态结构翻译）
   主动态句：People accepted this conclusion as true.
7. Water can be shown as containing admixtures. 可以证明水含有杂质. （未按原文被动态结构翻译）
   主动态句：We can show water as containing admixtures.
8. The wire is considered as disconnected. 这根线被认为是断开了。（主动态句略）

II. 主语原来是主动态句中的间接宾语：

1. I was given the book by the teacher. 老师把这本书给了我. （未按原文被动态结构翻译）
   主动态句：The teacher gave me the book.
   试比较另一种被动态句：The book was given me by the teacher.
2. You will if shown our workshop. 将领你参观我们的车间。（未按原文被动态结构翻译）
   主动态句：I shall show you our workshop.
   试比较另一种被动态句：Our workshop will be shown (to) you.

注：当间接宾语为人或团体而直接宾语为物时，一般倾向于以代表人或团体的间接宾语作主语来构成被动态。

1. It was not until 1835, however, that this phenomenon was given a name. 可是，直到1835年这个现象才有一个名称。

III. 主语原来是主动态句中的介词宾语：

A. 主语原来是“不及物动词 + 介词 + 介词宾语”中的介词宾语：

1. The plan was approved of. 这个计划得到赞同。
   主动态句：All of us（我们大家）approved of the plan.
2. The matter was very often talked about. 这件事曾被多次谈到。
   主动态句：All of us talked about the matter very often.
3. After a while an agreement was arrived at. 过一会儿达成了一致的意见。
   主动态句：All of us arrived at an agreement after a while.
4. The lost pen is being looked for. 丢失的钢笔正在寻找中。必须注意，主动态句中的介词宾语能变为被动态句中主语的，只限于某些固定词组。例如：listen to… (听…)，account for…（说明…），acton (或 upon)…（作用于…），agree on…（对…同意），call for…（要求…），rely on (或 upon)…（依靠…），depend on (或 upon)…（信赖），resort to…（求助于…），think of…（想到…），look at…（看…），look after…（照料…，看管…），refer to…（查阅…，参考…），speak of…（讲到…），talk about…（谈到…），discriminate against…（歧视…），arrive at…（得出结论即 the conclusion）等。

B. 主语原来是“动词+名词+介词+介词宾语”中的介词宾语. 有时句中动词短语内的名词也可在被动态句中作主语。例如：

1. Computers can be made full use of in the production processes. 计算机是可以在这些生产过程中充分利用的。
   主动态句：We can make full use of computers in the production processes. 但是本句也可改用动词的宾语作被动态句中的主语，即：Full use can be made of atomic energy in the production processes.
2. The development of information technology has been paid attention to by our government. 信息技术的开发已受到我国政府的重视。
   主动态句：Our government has paid attention to the development of information. 我国政府已重视信息技术的开发。本句还可改成用动词的宾语作被动态句中的主语，即：Attention has been paid to the development of information technology by our government.
3. Such things will be taken proper care of. 这些事要给予适当注意。
   主动态句：We will take proper care of such things.

本句也可改成以动词宾语作被动态句的主语，即：Proper care will be taken of such things.

1. The boat was soon lost sight of in the fog. 不久小船在雾中看不见了。(主动态句：People soon lost sight of the boat in the fog. )必须注意，本类句型能改成被动态的，一般只限于某些常用的固定词组。

例如：lay stress on…（强调…），make reference to…（提到…，参考…），make allowance for…（估计到…），make mention of…（提到…）等。

Ⅳ. 用“get 或 (become 等) + 过去分词”来表示被动态，但这时一般不能用 by 引出行为发生者。

1. This liquid became mixed with the salt at room temperature. 该液体在室温下与盐混合了。
2. All her works got talked about a little。对她的所有著作(当时)都略加议论一番。
3. Photographic plates become darkened on exposure to X-rays. 照相胶片一曝露于 X 射线后立即变暗。

Ⅴ. 以“主语 + be 的相应时态 + 形容词(如 certain, bound, likely, sure 等) + to be + 过去分词”表示的被动态句型：

1. You are certain (或 bound) to be received warmly. 你们一定会受到热情的接待。
2. Everything that is good is sure to be praised. 好事有人夸。
3. They are not likely to have been told about it。这件事不大像已经告诉了他们。
4. Cast iron is apt to be broken. 生铁容易破裂。

Ⅵ. 用不定式动词、-ing 和单个过去分词表示的被动式举例：

1. The problem discussed is very important. 所讨论的问题十分重要。(定语)
2. This is a question to be answered at once. 这是一个立即要(给予)回答的问题。(定语)
3. The new type of device seems to have been made. 这种新型装置看来已经制成。(主语补语)
4. Some molecules are large enough to be seen in the electronic microscope. 有些分子大得足以用电子显微镜看见它们。(状语)
5. Water has the property of dissolving sugar; sugar (has) the property of being dissolved by water. 水具有溶解糖的性质，而糖具有被水溶解的性质. (介词宾语)
6. The plant being built will be a new chemical plant. 正在盖的那个厂将是一座新的化工厂。(定语)
7. Being cooled in the air, the metal hardened. 该金属在空气中冷却时，就硬化了。(状语)
8. Having been well insulated, the wire may be used in this machine. 金属丝很好绝缘以后，就可用于该机器中。(状语)
9. The question being settled. we all left the room. 问题解决以后，我们都离开了房间。(独立分词结构)
10. Heated, the metal expands. 金属受热就膨胀。(状语)
11. They daren't ask questions, for they are afraid of being laughed at. 他们不敢提问，因为他们怕遭到嘲笑。(这里介词宾语是涉及主语的动名词被动态。)

三、关于语态的几个值得注意的问题

Ⅰ. 区别被动态和表语的实用价值。“动词 be + 过去分词”这个结构不一定都是被动态。有时它可能是“be + 表语”这种句子结构。例如：

1. We are agreed on this point. 在这一点上我们同意。(表语)
2. We are determined to improve the production process. 我们决心改善这个生产过程。(表语)

“be + 表语”结构表示主语所处的状态，而被动结构则表示一个动作，并且它的时态一般还要与相应的主动结构的时态一致。如果是带表语的结构，就不必这样考虑了。我们列出几组句子加以比较：

1. (a) The glass plate is broken. 这玻璃板是破的。(表语)
   (b) The glass plate was broken by him. 这玻璃板(当时)被他打碎了。(被动态)
2. (a) The book is written well. 这本书写得很好。(表语)
   (b)The book has been written by our teacher. 这本书已由我们的老师写成。(被动态)

上面例句 3(a) 和 4(a) 的特点是说明玻璃板的破碎状态和书写得好的状态，而例句 3(b) 和 4(b) 则侧重说明“破碎”和“写”这些动作，因此就要求对“何时打碎(或写)的”和“被谁打碎(或写)的”等问题在句中有所体现。句 3(b) 和 4(b) 中用过去时或现在完成时以及“by + 行为主体”的道理即在于此。为了加深印象，再举几例：

1. (a)The door was locked when we got back. 当我们回来时，门是锁着的。(过去时表语，表示“门”的过去状态。)
   (b) The door had been locked when I got there. 当我到那儿时，门已上销了。(过去完成时被动态，强调行为，表示我到那儿时，已有人早就把门锁上了。)
2. The window was shut at six when I went by，but I don't know when it was shut. 我在六点钟路过时，这扇窗户是关着的，但我不知这窗户是什么时候关的。(第一个 was shut 表示过去时状态，作表语，而第二个 was shut 表示动作，是过去时被动态。)

II. 注意英语用相当于及物动词意义的短语动词构成的被动态。初学者对于一些及物动词或不及物动词再加上一些词构成的被动态(如本节 节、二 Ⅲ)，有时就不好理解。遇到这类问题时，最好用还原法，即还原成主动态句，就易于理解句意。例如：

1. He was listened to with great interest. 当时人们怀着着很大兴趣听他讲话。初学者知道 listened 是 listen (听)的过去分词，但一见到后面的 to 和 with 罗列在一起，就有点迷惑不解。如果改为主动态句，就易于理解：We listened to him with great interest. 我们抱着很大的兴趣听他讲话。
2. At light hold was caught of the rope. (当时)这根绳子被拉得很紧。
   主动态句：Somebody caught a tight hold of the rope. 注：有时通过连字符带介词的过去分词还可作前置定语。例如：He earned undreamed-of wealth. 他赚得梦想不到的财富。

III. 含有“be + going + 不定式”、“be + 不定式”、“have + 不定式”等谓语中，其中不定式也都可用被动语态。例如：

1. A new test is going to be carried out next week. 下周进行新的试验。
2. She had to be operated on right away. 当时对她得马上动手术。
3. Oil supplies are to be cut back. 石油供应量要削减。

Ⅳ. 汉语中被动态的使用远不如英语那样广泛，因此凡是译成汉语被动态后读起来比较别扭的，就应译为汉语的主动态或无主语句等.

Ⅴ. 注意可用不及物动词 fly, travel, move 等的过去分词作后置定语来表示“飞行、旅行、传播、移动”等的距离、里程等。例如：the distance flown 已飞行的距离；the mileage to be flown 要飞行的英里数；the kilometrage travelled 旅行的公里数，传播的公里数；the distance moved 移动的距离等。

Ⅵ. 在被动态句中表示行为发生者主要用 by 短语，但用 with 短语的也有，只是 with 后的名词已接近于表示行为的工具，而不是表示人的名词。例如：

1. We are deeply impressed with his good example. 他的好榜样使我们深受感动。
2. He was struck with an idea. 他忽然想起了一个主意。(直译为：他被一个想法攫住了。)

Ⅶ. 注意双重被动态句的结构：句中谓语是被动态，而后面又用不定式被动态或表示被动的过去分词。例如：

1. The books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room. 书不准携出阅览室外。
2. The research work is reported to have been completed yesterday. 据报道，这项研究工作已于昨日完成。
3. This instrument is supposed to be used only by skilled workers. 人们认为这个仪表只有技术工人才会使用。
4. Oxygen is found combined with many elements. 我们发现氧能和许多元素化合在一起。

Ⅷ。注意有些过去分词(多半是一些不及物动词的过去分词)并不表示被动含义，而是表示该动作完成后的状态或景象。详见第 037节、二、Ⅳ。

The work of month sand the dream of years became nothing. All Edison’s money was gone. 几个月的心血和多年的理想都化为乌有。爱迪生的钱都花光了。

Ⅸ. 注意英语中有时用主动态表示被动意义的情况：

1. This kind of cloth washes very well. 这种布很经洗。
2. The pen writes quite smoothly. 这枝钢笔写起来很流畅。
3. The book is printing. 该书在印刷中。
4. The machines made in China sell very well abroad. 中国制造的机器在国外畅销。

Ⅹ. 在动词 need, want, require, deserve 等后面要用主动语态的动名词表示被动含义。例如：

1. My cellphone needs repairing (或 to be repaired）. 我的移动电话需要修理。
2. The floor wants washing (或 to be washed). 这地板需要拖洗了.
3. Your shoes require cleaning (或 to be cleaned). 你的鞋要擦擦了。

Ⅺ. 注意非谓语动词在句中的语态一般要和主语或其它有关的词协调一致。参阅“过去分词”专题第 037节、一。