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-ing 现在分词和动名词的用法和判别
-ing 现在分词和动名词的用法和判别
一、-ing 的基本用法
I. “be + -ing + …”构成现在、过去、将来进行时主动态。(参阅第 134 节、五~八)
- The liquid is flowing down the tower under the force of gravity. 液体在重力作用下正沿着塔往下流。(现在进行时主动态)
- When he came here, we were studying English. 当他来这里时,我们正在学习英语。(过去进行时主动态)
- In a few years the station will be feeding (或 supplying) power to many industrial plants. 再过几年,那座发电站将向许多工厂供电。(将来进行时主动态)
II. “have, had 或 shall (或 will) have + been + -ing + …”构成现在、过去、将来这三种完成进行时主动态。(参阅第 134 节、九~十三)
- We have been studying the environment protection for a longtime. 很久以来我们一直在研究环境保护。(现在完成进行时主动态)
- Chemists had been studying the atmosphere for about two thousand years before its composition was discovered. 化学家们一直在研究大气,研究了约二千年,它的组成才被发现。(过去完成进行时主动态)
- By the end of this year they will have been studying English for a year. 到今年年底,他们学习英语有一年了。(将来完成进行时主动态,主语第一人称,则可用 shall 代 will。)
- I have just been thinking of my friends back home. 我刚才正想念我的那些回家的朋友。
注:下列动词极少用于进行时(包括完成进行时):know, hear, feel, appear, appreciate, believe, forget, like, look like…, notice, remember, resemble, see 等。
III. “being + 过去分词”构成被动态. 这里有三种情况:
A.“is (或 was) + being(现在分词)+ 过去分词”构成现在、过去这两种进行时被动态:
- This network computer is being operated by a programmer. 这台网络计算机现在正由一位程序员在操作。
- When I entered the workshop, the machine toll was being adjusted by a worker. 当我进入车间时,那台机床正由一位工人在调整。
注:将来进行时和完成进行时没有相应的被动态。
B. being 前没有 is 或 was 之类动词,仅仅是动名词“being + 过去分词”构成被动意义。例如:
- The object is at rest and resists being moved quickly. 物体静止,就阻止物体本身迅速移动。(直接宾语。意译。)
- Television waves pass right through the layer without being reflected. 电视波径直通过这一层(指电离层)而不被反射。(介词宾语)
- He went this way in order to escape being seen. 他走这条路是为了避开被人看见。(直接宾语)
- She hasn't been used to being spoken to like that yet. 她尚不习惯于别人那样地对她说话。(介词宾语)
C. “being(现在分词)+ 过去分词”作定语和在独立分词结构中以及介词后的“主谓”结构(即复合结构)中的用法
- We must pay attention to the problems being discussed here. 我们必须重视这里正在(被)讨论的问题。(定语)
- The electric current produced is the result of chemical energy being changed to electrical energy. 所产生的电流是化学能转变为电能的结果。(复合结构作介词宾语。)
Ⅳ. “-ing + 原动词具有的搭配关系”在句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语、介词宾语。(除其中作状语用的 -ing 为现在分词外,其余均为动名词。)
A. 作主语用:
- Melting and boiling take place under certain conditions. 熔融和沸腾发生在一定条件之下。
- In the given case warming the solid converts it to a liquid. 在给定情况下,加热这种固体能使它变成液体。
- There is no failing in the test. 不可能在试验中失败。
注:“There is + no + -ing “表示“不可能”之意。
- a. It’s no use asking the old woman — she doesn't understand what we say. 问这位老妇人毫无用处——她不懂得我们说的话。(本句还可用 There’s no use (in) asking…代替。)
b. Is it any use trying to keep company with him? 力争跟他交往有用吗?
注:动名词短语作真正主语很少见,不如不定式为多。它主要用在含有 no use, useless, no good, worth while, waste, dangerous, senseless(无意义的,愚蠢的),nuisance(讨厌的),foolish 等词的搭配结构中。例如:It is senseless (或 a waste of time) doing that. 做那件事是无意义的(或浪费时间的)。
B. 作宾语、介词宾语或个别形容词的宾语用:
- I like reading English every morning. 我喜欢每天早晨读英语。(动词宾语)
- Their installation method is worth trying. 他们的安装方法值得试一试。(固定要求,作形容词宾语。)
- The process of dissolving table salt in water is a physical change. 食盐溶解于水的过程是物理变化。(介词宾语详见下文 E。)
- We think it no use increasing resistance in the experiment. 我们认为在这个实验中增加电阻无用。(真正宾语。动名词短语作真正宾语很少见,只有当其宾语补语为上面注中那些词时才行。)
- The children need looking after (或 caring for). 这些小孩需要照顾。(动词宾语。after 或 for 后缺位的宾语正好是句中主语,但不可写出。动词 need 后不可用动名词被动态结构,却可用不定式被动态结构作动词宾语。)
C. 作表语用;(下面三例不是进行时,其中 moving 转为形容词。)
- Our greatest happiness is serving the people. 为人民服务是我们最大的幸福。
- Our production task is making pagers. 我们的生产任务是制造寻呼机。
- This piece of news is very moving. 这条新闻很感动人。
注:与上述现在分词 moving 类似的形容词还有;exciting(令人激动的),interesting(令人感兴趣的→有趣的),surprising(令人惊讶的→惊人的)等。显然,它们都是由及物动词的现在分词转化为形容词。理解时前后加“令人……的”即可,然后用合乎汉语习惯的言词表达。这不等于说任何及物动词都可这样转化为形容词。
D. -ing(现在分词)短语作状语用,含有时间、原因、让步、方式或伴随、结果等意义,但比较含蓄,只能根据上下文仔细琢磨。
- Passing through a liquid or solid, sound is changed into heat. 声音通过液体或固体时,就转变为热。(时间状语)
- The metal was cooled in the air, having been heated to a definite temperature in the furnace. 这种金属在炉子里加热到一定温度以后,就放在空气中冷却。(时间状语)
- He is standing there, waiting for an assignment. 他正站在那边等待分配任务。(目的状语)
- Not having done it, we tried again. 由于没有做成,我们就又试了。(原因状语。not 不能位于 having 后面。否定非谓语动词时,not 均应位于非谓语动词前面。)
- We read the book sitting by the window. 我们坐在窗户旁边读书。(方式状语。siting 前无逗号,却不能理解为说明 book, 因此必须强调逻辑判别。)
- Weighing 2,210 tons,the automatic forging press is operated by one worker only. 虽然自动锻压机重 2,210 吨,但只由一个工人操作。(让步状语)
- We increase the length of the wire, thus (或 thereby) increasing its resistance. 我们增加导线的长度,从而增加了导线电阻。(thus 或 there by 后的 -ing 短语一般表示结果含义。)
- Some students came running towards us. 几个学生朝着我们方向跑来。(方式状语)
- Not knowing how to operate the pen computer, he asked Henry for help. 他不知如何操作这台笔控计算机,便请求亨利帮助。(原因状语)
- Reducing the current, we can correspondingly decrease the speed of the motor. 如果减小电流,则电动机的转速就能相应减低。(条件状语)
- He knew how to run the machine, having been a worker ten years. 他当了十年工人,才知道如何开动这台机器。(原因状语。现在分词短语的完成式虽在句末,其动作仍在谓语动词之前。)
- The doctor, having felt your pulse, pronounced you better. 医生按了脉搏以后,断定你病已好转。(时间状语)
上述例句中,完成时的 -ing 表示其动作在主句动作之前已完成(见例句 2, 4, 11, 12),其余则和主句动词的动作差不多同时发生。注意本情况下 -ing 还有以被动态出现的形式(见例句 2),这时句中主语就是行为对象。-ing 作状语时,多半有逗号隔开,但有例外(见上面第 5, 8 句),故需逻辑判别。此外,注意作状语的分词短语一般位于句首或句末,但有时位于主、谓语中间。
E. -ing (动名词)短语作介词宾语用:
- We use this tool for tightening bolts. 我们用这工具来旋紧螺栓。
- Before starting the engine you should carefully clean and oil it. 在开动发动机之前,你应该把它仔细弄干净,并且上好润滑油。(注意 starting 的逻辑主体应该和句中主语有关。)
- You succeeded in improving the housing conditions. 你们顺利地改善了住房条件。
- We change air to a liquid by cooling and compressing it. 对空气冷却和压缩,我们可以使它变为液体。
- After having been discussed the report was published. 这份报告在讨论完以后,就发表了。
- Through being left out all night in the rain the metal had rusted. 由于这种金属整宵放在外边挨雨淋,它已经生锈了。
- We did not speak of having seen this play. 我们没说过已看了这部戏。
- On breaking the magnet into still shorter pieces we still get complete magnets. 把磁铁砸成更短小的碎块时,我们得到的仍然是一些完全的磁铁。
- Did he feel sorry for not coming in time? 他对没有及时来感到遗憾吗?
- Would you consider giving her another five minutes before giving up waiting for him altogether? 你是否考虑让她再等他五分钟,然后一起离开?(意译)
注意完成时表示形式(见例句 5、7)和被动态形式(见例句 5、6)。注意动名词的否定形式(见例句 9)。一般说来,作介词宾语的 -ing 短语仍须考虑与相应主语有协调的语态关系。若将上述第 2, 5 句分别改为 being started 和 discussing, 则句中主语就应作相应调整,使前后语态有一致的相应关系。
Ⅴ. -ing及其短语作定语用
(一) 按其位置,作定语的 -ing 有在所修饰的名词之前和之后两种:
A. -ing 在所修饰的名词之前
- I have read a lot of interesting and exciting novels. 我读了许多有趣的和令人激动的小说。
- That is a good-looking computer. 那是一台外形美观的计算机。
注 1:上述两个 -ing 已变为纯粹的形容词,已没有原来动词的特征。关于这一点可以通过查阅辞典得知。
- We must test the device under operating conditions. 我们必须在操作条件下试验这个装置。
- Without air a living thing will die. 没有空气,生物就会死。
- The moving water and air have mechanical energy. 流动的水和空气都具有机械能。
注 2:当 -ing 的前面有冠词 a 或 the,而后面有所修饰的名词时,则 -ing 必是作定语用的(见例句 2,4,5)。但是这个规律不能逆推,如例句 1,3 中,前面什么冠词都没有,-ing 仍作定语用。
注 3:注意有动宾关系的 -ing 短语或“表示行为方式的名词 + -ing”短语作前置定语。例如:a metal cutting machine 一台金属切割机,the peace-loving people 热爱和平的人民,a high-speed heating furnace 一个高速加热炉,a hand riveting machine 一台手铆机等。
注 4:作前置定语的 -ing 短语允许用相应的副词修饰后面的 -ing。例如:a freely falling body一个自由落体,fast moving molecules 快速运动的分子等。
B. -ing 或其短语在所修饰的名词的后面
- Matter is anything having weight and occupying space. 凡是物质,都具有重量和占有空间。
- This is the ratio of oxygen reacting to water formed. 这就是参加反应的氧和生成的水之间的比。
- The man working by the machine with the worker is a student. 在机器旁边和工人一起劳动的男人是一个学生。
- The house being built will be our new laboratory. 正在建筑中的这所房子将是我们的新实验室。
- This glass container, having a base of 80 cm2, is 15 cm high. 这只底面积为 80 厘米2 的玻璃容器高 15 厘米。(分译也可)
- Henry and his friend, conversing earnestly together, ceased as you approached. 亨利和他的朋友在热诚地谈话,当你走过去时,他们便不谈了。
注 1. 现在分词短语作后置定语时,若短语前后有标点符号和其它成分隔开,则为非限制性定语。上面最后两句中的现在分词短语就作非限制性定语。这种定语可理解为非限制性定语从句的紧缩形式。上两句中相应展开的非限制性定语从句分别为:"which has a base of 80 cm2"和"who were conversing earnestly together"。这时前后逗号仍保留。
注 2:有时它不是作非限制性定语,而是作状语。这要靠上下文进行逻辑判别。只要不影响理解,这方面的差别不必过分注意。
(二) 根据被 -ing 所修饰的名词(指人、物)能否产生 -ing 所表示的动作来分,作定语的 -ing 有下列两种情况:
A. -ing 和它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的“主谓”关系,并以此表示所修饰名词的特征。这时 -ing 为现在分词。例如:
the working people 劳动人民
running water 流水
boiling water 沸水(正在开着的水)
freely falling body 自由落体
B. -ing 和所修饰的名词没有逻辑上的“主谓”关系。这时 -ing 为动名词,一般表示用途或表示与所修饰的名词有关的动作。例如:
drinking water 饮用水
a reading-room 阅览室
the boiling temperature 沸腾温度,沸点
the operating conditions 操作条件
a packing method 包装法
a writing desk 写字桌
Ⅵ. “the + -ing + of + 原动词的宾语”,这种结构中的 -ing 和名词一样,在句中可作各种成分用,后面还可以搭配原动词要求的介词短语。
- The melting of iron requires a very high temperature. 铁的熔融需要一个很高的温度。
- Oxidation means the combining of any material with oxygen. 氧化指的是任何物质和氧的化合。
- The sudden heating of the air by lightning flashes causes thunder. 闪电对空气的突然加热,就引起了雷鸣。(这里用 by 引出 -ing 的行为发出者。)
从上述例句中不难看出,原动词的其它支配关系仍然可以保留(见例句 2,3 中的 with 和 by 短语)。但是修饰动词原来用的是副词,在本情况下改用形容词。
Ⅶ. “主语 + 感觉动词或 have(致使)等 + 宾语 + -ing”,句中 -ing(现在分词)作宾语补语用,即 -ing 起着宾语的“谓语”作用。
- we saw the train coming towards the station.(当时)我们看见火车正朝着车站开过来。
- Those conditions can't have you doing the experiment. 那些条件不能使你做这个实验。
Ⅶ. 注意“主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + as + -ing”结构,这里 -ing 作宾语补语用:
- We showed these compounds as having different structures. 我们证明了这些化合物具有不同的结构。
- They regard these experiments as being too simple for them. 他们以为这些实验对他们说来是太简单了。
- We think of AB as being a straight line. 我们认为 AB 是一条直线。
注:上述第 2,3 句中 being 也可以省略。
Ⅸ. “主语 + 被动态谓语 + -ing”,这里 -ing 作主语补语。
- This step of work is called testing a hypothesis. 这个工作步骤叫做对假说的验证。
- He was seen taking pictures with a mini camera. 有人看见他用一架小型照相机在拍照。
Ⅹ. “主语 + 被动态谓语 + as + -ing”,这里 -ing 作主语补语。
- Water can be shown as containing admixtures. 可以证明水含有杂质。
- This automatic control instrument has been known as controlling the Production process. 大家都已知道,这个自动控制仪是控制生产过程的。
必须指出,当上述句型结构中 -ing 是 being 时,being 常可以省略。例如:
- This may be taken as (being) a result of over heating. 这可以(被)当做是过热的结果。
- More than one type of mistake may be thought of as (being) present. 可以认为存在着一种类型以上的错误。
注意,当这种类似结构出现在从句或在句中作某个成分的短语时,有时就不易判别。例如:
- Only those substances which can be considered as being mixtures have a depressed melting point. 那些物质可以认为是混合物,只有它们才具有较低的熔点。
- This method previously mentioned as affording good results, is widely used. 前面提到的能产生良好效果的这种方法,目前广泛采用。(由作定语的 mentioned 引出补语)
Ⅺ. -ing(动名词)出现前用形式主语或形式宾语 it 的两种情况:
- It is no use only learning theories without practice. 只学理论而不实践是没有用的。
- We think it necessary improving the production process. 我们认为改进生产过程是必要的。(形式宾语)
注:详见“It 用法和判别” 第 57 节。
Ⅻ. “when, while 等 + -ing(现在分词)”是个省略句形式,省略了与主句相同的主语和其相应的 be。例如:
- While working in the plant, we learned a lot from the workers. 我们在工厂劳动期间,向工人学到了许多东西。
- When being cooled from the red heat temperature, the steel reduced its capacity to dissolve carbon. 当钢从赤热温度冷却下来时,便降低了它的碳的溶解度。(意译)
- The melting ice keeps the same temperature while melting. 融解的冰在融解时,温度保持不变。
Ⅷ. “名词 + -ing(动名词)”整个地作前置定语用:(注意下面 XIV、A 和 XV 区别开)
- a pipe bending machine 弯管机
- a gas welding machine 气焊机
- a steam cooling system 蒸汽冷却系统
- a self priming centrifugal pump 自吸离心泵
上述词组内,不可把 -ing 和后面的名词理解为现在分词短语来修饰 -ing 前的名词,而应把 -ing 理解为动名词,-ing 前的名词乃是 -ing 行为的对象(如1,3)或行为方式方法(如2,4)。同时必须注意与下面的 XN 用法区别开。
XIV. “名词或代词 + -ing”构成一种特殊的“主谓”关系,称为复合结构。这里一般有三种情况:
A. 带有 -ing 的独立分词结构
- It being now pretty late, we took our candles and retired to our room. 天很晚了,我们就拿起蜡烛退回到房间。(表示原因)
- There are many kinds of steel, each having its special uses in industry. 钢有多种,每种在工业上都有其特定用途。(表示伴随)
- The group president coming in time, they will set out for Beijing at six o’clock. 如果集团总裁按时到来,他们就六点出发去北京。(表示条件)
- Night falling, the children hurried home. 夜色降临,孩子们急忙回家。(表示原因)
- Circumstances permitting, we shall begin to work tomorrow. 情况允许,我们明天就开始工作。(表示条件)
- The question being settled, we all left the room. 问题解决之后,我们都离开了房间。(being 还可省略。)(表示时间)
- He watched the soldiers pass, his eyes (being) bright and eager. 他双眼发亮,满怀激情,望着战士通过。(表示方式)
- I stood out of doors, my hand (being) on his shoulder. 我站在室外,一只手搭在他的肩膀上。(表示伴随动作)
- So the synthetic plastics industry was born, other chemists starting to synthesize many other useful plastics of a similar type. 于是合成塑料工业诞生,而其他化学家就开始合成相似类型的许多其它有用的塑料。(表示结果)
B. 复合结构作主语、宾语、介词宾语(含“物主代词 + -ing”作复合结构)
- Some companies working together developed some new-type building materials. 几家公司协作,研制出一些新型的建筑材料。(复合结构作主语。)
- Your going there won't help much. 你们去那边,不一定会有多少帮助。(主语)
- We regretted him (或 his) misunderstanding us. 我们由于他误解了我们而感到遗憾。(复合结构或宾语)
- Please excuse me (或 my) interrupting you. 请原谅我打扰您。(同上)
- We heard about our teacher going (或 having gone) to Beijing. 我们听说我们的老师要去(或已经去)北京。(复合结构作介词宾语。)
- a. You can count on her helping you. 你可以指望她来帮助你。(同上)
b. He insits on going there. 他坚持要去那里。(介词宾语。由于主语已经是 He,故不要在 going 前加 his。)- His expression was like that of a cat eyeing a cup of milk. 当时他的表情像一只猫盯着一杯牛奶那样。(同上。意译。句中 that 是代表前面的名词 expression。)
- A steam engine gives us an example of heat being turned into work. 蒸汽机给了我们一个由热转变为功的例子。(介词宾语)
- The explanation lies in the product (being) more stable. 这种解释在于这个产物是较为稳定的。(同上)
- Coal was made by rocks pressing on trees and plants which died millions of years ago. 煤是岩石紧压千百万年以前死去的树木植物而形成的。(介词宾语)
- Do you object to our helping him with his lessons. 你反对我们帮助他做功课吗?(介词宾语)
- Do you mind me (或 my) closing the window? 你在乎我把窗户关上吗?(宾语)
- Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic, after their being compressed they return to their original volume as soon as the applied force is removed. 气体和液体是很有弹性的。在它们受压缩以后,当施加的力一移走,它们就马上恢复原来的体积。(介词宾语)
- His speech was very eloquent, to say nothing of its having been significant. 他的演讲很动听,而意味深长更不用说了。(介词宾语,但不定式短语 to say nothing of… 为插入语。)
C. 在 with without 后用“主谓”结构,表示伴随情况等,作状语。
- Before 1949, the workers could hardly work with that noise going on. 1949 年前工人们在那种闹声持续下几乎不能工作。
- With the side reaction preceding the reaction, the yields were very low. 反应前发生副反应,故产率很低。
- With all the children being at home during the holidays, their mother has a great deal of work to do. 由于所有的小孩假期都呆在家里,母亲就有许多事要做。
- One body never exerts a force on another without the second reacting against the first. 一个物体对另一个物体施加力,从来不会不受到后者的反作用力。
注:有时 with without 后用的 being, having been 还可省略。例如:With the experiments (having been) carried out, we started new investigations. 这些实验完成了,我们就开始了新的研究。
XV. 注意“名词或其词组 + -ing”用作报刊或一幅画等的标题:
- Clinton visiting China. 克林顿正在中国访问
- Premier Zhu talking with on old scientist. 朱总理和一位老科学家谈话
XⅥ. -ing 的名词化(上文 Ⅵ 中的 -ing 也可视为名词化)
- Multiply the centigrade reading by 1.8 because 1℃ equals 1.8F. 将摄氏读数乘以1.8,因为 1℃ 等于 1.8T。
- This is the meaning of Newton’s Third Law:there is always an equal reaction to every action. 这是牛顿第三定律的意义:对于每一个作用力总是有其大小相等的反作用力。
- Calculate the unknowns in the following. …计算下面的未知数:……
- We gave the classroom a good cleaning. 我们把教室好好地打扫了一下。
- Synthesis is the putting together of chemical elements to form a compound. 合成是把化学元素放在一起以生成化合物。(putting 虽已名词化,但原动词的搭配关系,如 together 和 to form a compound 仍保留下来。关于这一点必须给予一定注意。)
XVII. 某些 -ing 作插入语用。这时,-ing 所表示的行为在句中没有逻辑的主语,可按固定的惯用语来记。
- Generally speaking, this book is not difficult. 总的说来,这本书并不难。
- Judging from what you say, he could have done this work still better. 从你说的话看来,他满可以把工作做得更好一些。
从上面两句可看出,speaking(说)和 judging(判断)的行为发生者不是句中主语。这是和 -ing 作状语不同的。此外,插入语前后一般都有逗号隔开。
- Putting it mildly, she looked over your carelessness. 说婉转一些,她宽容了你的粗枝大叶。
- Talking of this exam, will you be up with him? 至于这项考试,你会跟他不相上下吗?
XVIII. 某些 -ing 作介词用:
- Inform us regarding (或 of) this matter. 将有关这件事的消息通知我们。
- Very little is known concerning (或 about) these problems. 关于这些问题人们知道得很少。
- Considering his age, he has done very well. 就他的年龄而论,他已做得非常好。
- He has done very well, considering (that) he has no experience. 像他这样没有经验,算是做得不错了。(意译。介词 considering 接一个介词宾语从句。)
注:参阅第 139 节 Ⅷ。
XIX. 某些 -ing 转化为从句的连词
- Supposing (that) I see him, what shall I tell him? 假如我见到他,我将告诉他什么呢?(条件从句)
- Seeing (that) you have come, we will settle this problem together with you now. 由于你来了,我们现在就和你一起解决这个问题。(原因从句)
- Not with standing (that) it was raining, we went for a mall-walk. 尽管下雨,我们还是去商场游逛了。(让步从句)
- Granting that this is true (或 Granting that to be true)’ how does it answer your argument? 就算那是事实,又怎样解释你的论据呢?(让步从句)
XX. -ing 短语作同位语:
- Now compare the work done lifting the cart with the work done pulling it up the inclined plane. 现将提升车子所作的功和沿着斜面拉车上来所作的功进行比较。(句中 done 为 work 的后置定语,两个动名词短语作同位语。)
- This substance is splitting up, or decomposing, into many useful products. 这种物质正在分裂,即正在分解为许多有用的产物。(句中现在分词 decomposing 作 splitting up 的同位语。)
二、-ing 用法的判别
I. -ing 语法功用的初步综合比较:(以 cutting metal 为例)
- Cutting metal is no simple operation. 金属切削并非简单的操作。(主语)
- We are cutting metal. 我们正在切削金属。(组成谓语部分,和 are 构成现在进行时。)
- One of the important uses of this machine tool is cutting metal. 这种机床的重要用途之一是切削金属。(表语)
- The worker stopped cutting metal. 那个工人停止了金属切削。(宾语)
- We saw many workers cutting metal. 我们看见许多工人在切削金属。(宾语补语)
- They were found cutting metal in the workshop. 有人发现他们在车间切削金属。(主语补语)
- This lathe is used for cutting metal. 这台机床是供切削金属用的。(介词 for 的宾语)
- Before cutting metal you should carefully clean the machine. 切削金属前,你必须仔细地把机器清理干净。(介词 before 的宾语)
- The student cutting metal in the workshop works very hard. 在车间切削金属的那位学生工作很努力。(后置定语)
- Cutting metal, the workers are very careful. 切削金属时,工人们是非常谨慎的。(时间状语)
- While cutting metal, the workers don't talk with each other. 工人们在切削金属时不相互交谈。(cutting 前省略“ the workers are”,故 cutting 是谓语组成部分。)
- There are lots of metal cutting machines in our plant. 我们厂里有许多金属切割机床。(定语)
上述 12 句中 cutting metal 总是作“金属切削”或“切削金属”讲,但在不同上下文和搭配关系中就起着不同的语法作用。它在第 1,3,4,7,8,12 句中顶作名词用,故为动名词;它在其余句中作现在分词。这里关键在于 -ing 短语处于何种位置和与哪些词搭配。
II. 对于 -ing 作状语、独立分词结构和插入语的判别
-ing 在句中作状语,其动作发生者和句中主语是一致的,或也是一种主谓关系(见本节、一、Ⅳ-D 各例句)。但在独立分词结构中必有 -ing 的行为发生者,并位于 -ing 前面(见本节、一、ⅪV-A)。只有当 there is 结构改成独立分词结构时,主语才在 -ing 后面:
- The car stopped, there being no fuel in the tank. 因为油箱内没有燃料,车子停了。
- The rain having stopped, we resumed the game. 雨停了,我们就恢复比赛。
插入语与上述两种结构的差别在于插入语的 -ing 行为发生者在句中找不到。它一般用来表示作者对句中所表达意思的态度。插入语前后一般有逗号隔开(见本节、一、 XVI)。
III. 现在分词短语作时间状语时,如果其动作一发生,谓语动作立即随之发生,则该现在分词可用其一般式作状语,并常置于句首。例如:
- Arriving at the station, he found the train had left. 他到达车站就发现火车已开走。
- All preparations made, we started the experiment. 一切准备就绪,我们就开始做实验。(可以理解为 made 前省略 having been。但当动作紧凑时,常省略 having been。)
Ⅳ. 句末“(thus 或 there by)+ -ing”结构常作结果状语。例如:
They did not have the courage to admit the limited aspect of their own advantages, thus (或there by) suppressing another aspect of the truth. 他们没有勇气承认自己长处的有限性,因而抹杀了真理的另一方面。
Ⅴ. 注意由 -ing 带来的一系列复杂关系
A. 由 -ing 引出从句
- We stand by the lathe watching how it is operated. 我们站在车床旁边,看着车床是如何操作的。(作状语的现在分词 watching 引出宾语从句。)
- We use insulators to prevent electrical charges from going where they are not wanted. 我们用绝缘体来防止电荷流到不需要电荷的地方去。(动名词 going 作介词 from 的宾语,本身又引出地点状语从句。)
- Because mixtures vary in composition, there must be a way of telling how much solute is present in a solution. 由于混合物的组成可以变化,所以一定要有一个能说明溶液中有多少溶质存在的鉴别法。(动名词 telling 引出宾语从句。)
- A simplified reaction showing what happens in the process is given below. 简化反应式表明过程中发生什么,可见下式所示。(现在分词 showing 作后置定语,本身又引出宾语从句。)
- A current of 1 ampere flowing when the potential difference is 1 volt is 1 watt of power. 当电位差为 1 伏时流过 1 安培电流,其功率为 1 瓦。(状语从句,说明现在分词 flowing,而 flowing 本身为后置定语。)
- Holding a load while you are standing still is not work. 当你站着不动时拿着一个负载,这不是作功。(状语从句,说明动名词 holding。)
- One of the ways is by distillation, which involves heating the solution until the pure water evaporates. 其中一种方法是采用蒸馏。蒸馏是将溶液加热,直到纯水蒸发出来。(状语从句,说明动名词短语 heating the solution。)
- These changes are quite important in understanding why gases are turned into liquids. 这些变化对于理解气体为何变成液体是很重要的。(动名词引出宾语从句。)
B. -ing 前面的名词不是行为发出者,而是行为的对象或行为的方式方法
- an oil feeding system 给油系统(行为对象)
- the peace-loving people 热爱和平的人民(行为对象)
- a hand milling machine 手铣机(行为方法)
- a high speed milling machine 高速铣床(行为方式)
- In a modern coal burning electric generating plant the steam maybe hot enough to ignite wood. 在一个烧煤的现代化(火力)发电厂内,蒸汽也许能热到足以把木头点燃起来。(行为对象)
上述 -ing 均为动名词或现在分词,而对它的行为对象和行为方式方法的判别,只能根据逻辑意义来判别。
Ⅵ. -ing(动名词)和动词不定式用于类似句子中时的重要区别
A. 跟动词不定式相比,-ing 所表示的含义是一般的和抽象的。例如:
- a. I like reading newspapers. 我喜欢看报。(宾语表示爱好和习惯动作。)
b. I’d like to read our netnews today. 今天我愿意读我们的网络新闻。(宾语。某一时间的一次动作。)- a. As a rule, he prefers walking in the evening. 他通常宁肯晚上散步。(动名词短语作宾语,表示习惯性动作。)
b. She prefers to go this evening. 她宁肯今晚走。(宾语。一次动作)
由于 -ing 所表示的动作是一般的和抽象的,所以有时甚至可以变为泛指,不限于指句中某人或物所发出的行为。例如:Our teachers always pay attention to combining theory with practice. 我们的教师经常注意理论结合实际。(介词 to 的宾语)上句表明:除了他们本人在讲课中经常注意理论结合实际以外,同时也注意学生理论结合实际情况。
B. 在 forget (忘记),remember (记得),stop (停止)等词后面的动词不定式和 -ing 动名词所表示的意义不同:
- a. He forgot writing (或 having written) the letter. 他忘记了写过那封信。(宾语。事实上他过去已写了那封信。)
b. He forgot to write the letter. 他忘记了(去)写那封信。(宾语。事实上他还没写信呢!)- a. The object stops moving. 该物体停止运动。(宾语)
b. He stopped to look at his watch. 他停下来看一下表。(目的状语)- a. He tried raising rabbits in the countryside. 他当时在乡下试验养兔子。
b. She tried to raise rabbits, but never put it into practice. 那时她试图养兔,但没有付诸实施。- a. I regretted telling you the truth. 我后悔告诉了你真相。
b. She regretted to tell you the truth. 那时她遗憾地要告诉你真相。- a. Please go on reading the text. 请接着继续念课文。
b. Then I went on to write a letter. 后来我接着改为去写信。- a. I remember going there two years ago. 我记得两年前到那边去了。
b. He must remember to send the video mail. 他必须记住把这个语音邮件发出去。
注:对于 endure, bear 等少数动词而言,用 -ing 或不定式短语时意思差不多。
1)She didn't endure seeing(或 to see)such animals cruelly treated. 那时她不忍去看这样一些动物受到残酷对待。
2)I can't bear being (或 to be) laughed at. 我不能忍受被别人取笑。
C. 动词 go 后的动作若为表示运动游戏的非谓语动词,则一般用现在分词,而不用不定式。
- He went dancing(或 swimming, playing basketball). 他去跳舞(或游泳、打篮球)了。
- They want to go fishing (或 shopping). 他们想去钓鱼(或买东西)。
D. begin 和 start 用于进行时态时,后面所接的非谓语动词只能用不定式
- It is starting to snow. 要开始下雪。
- The water in the kettle was beginning to boil. 那时水壶里的水正开始沸腾(或煮开)。