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So that 和 so (或 Such)… that 引导从句的用法和判别
So that 和 so (或 Such)… that 引导从句的用法和判别
一、so that 引导目的从句或结果从句。前者译“为了”、“以便”;后者译“以致于”、“使得”、“因此”
- Please speak slowly so that we can take everything down. 请慢慢讲,以便我们能把一切内容都记下来。(目的)
- The charges of the nucleus and electrons are equal, so that the atom is electrically neutral. 原子核和电子的电荷相等,因此原于在电的方面呈中性。(结果)
- All these problems are hard enough, so that he cannot solve all of them. 所有这些问题都够难的,所以他不能全部解决。(结果)
- Such waste materials must be treated so that they can be utilized. 这样一些些废料必须予以处理,才能利用。(目的)
- They gave their “lives (so) that we might live a happy life. 他们牺牲自己生命是为了使我们过幸福生活。(目的)上述目的从句内,谓语动词一般和 may, can, should 等情态动词连用。这可以作为在结构形式上进行判别的一种标志。用 so that 引导的目的从句中,有时 "so that" 中的 "so" 省略,而在用 "so that" 引导的结果从句里,有时可以省略 "that"。例如:
- We went early, so (that) we fulfilled our task on time. 我们去得早,所以准时完成了任务。(结果)
- The crust of the earth has been carefully studied so (that) its make-up is well known. 地壳已经仔细研究了,因此它的构造是众所周知的。(结果)
- I stepped aside so that she might (或 could) go in. 我走往一侧,好让她进去。(目的)
注:so that 引导结果状语从句时,常可用 with the result that 代替。例如:He worked hard, so that (或 with the result that) his work was finished in time. 他努力工作,所以工作按时完毕。
二、so (或such)… that 引导结果从句作“这么……,以致”或“所以”解在 so 后是形容词,副词或分词,而在 such 后是名词
- A computer is such an important device that modern industry cannot develop without it. 计算机是这样重要的装置,没有它,现代工业就不能发展。
- The temperature in the sun is so high that nothing can exist in the solid state. 太阳内的温度是如此之高,以致没有东西能以固态存在。
- He left in such a hurry that he forgot to lock the door. 他如此匆忙离开,结果他忘了锁门。
- She arrived so late that there were no seats left. 她到得很晚,结果没有座位留下。
- Fast cooling the hot steel in water gives very hard steels, so hard that in certain cases they are used for cutting softer steels. 在水中快速冷却热钢,能得到很硬的钢,这种钢是如此之硬,以致于在某些情况下可用来切削较软的钢。
- When a body can be divided into parts such that the center of mass of each is known, the center of mass of the whole can be usually found. 当将物体分成许多块,并已知其每块的质量中心时,则通常就能求出整个物体的质量中心。(没按原文结构翻译)
三、判别时几个值得注意的问题
I. 凡是用 so that 或 so (或 such)… that 引导的目的或结果状语从句,that 在从句中不可能作宾语和主语,这也是和由关系代词 that 引导的定语从句的重要区别。例如:
- Oxygen is so important to life that we cannot live without it. 氧气对生命如此重要,以致于没有它,我们就活不了。(结果从句,that 不说明 life。)
- The steel framework of a building is designed in such a way that it can expand and contract without damaging the structure. 建筑物的钢骨架是这样设计的,使得它能伸缩而不对结构有什么损坏。(结果从句,that 不说明 way。)
- We keep the battery in a dry place so that electricity may not leak away. 我们把蓄电池存放在干燥处以免漏电。(目的从句,that 不说明 place。)
II. 一般说来,so 和 that 分开的复合句,that 引出结果状语从句就居多。可观察本文列举的例句。
III. so that 引出的从句内出现情态动词,则大多数是目的状语从句。详见本文有关例句。
Ⅳ. 最后必须从意义上是否合乎逻辑来进行核查。对于上述 A 和 B 两种情况说来,都要用逻辑判断作为最后核查。只有这样,才能查出例外情况。例如:
- It was raining, so that we couldn't go out。当时正下着雨,所以我们没能出去。(结果状语从句,尽管从句内出现情态动词 couldn't。)
- I shall put the gear here so that he will see it when he comes. 我将把齿轮放在这里,以便他来时就会看到。(目的状语从句,尽管从句内无情态动词。)