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But 及其搭配关系的用法和判别
But 及其搭配关系的用法和判别
一、but 作“但是”讲,连接两个并列成分或两个并列句子
- Steel is not brittle, but strong. 钢不脆,但坚固。(连接两个表语)
- The atomic numbers are nearly, but not quite, the same as the order of the atomic weights. 原子序几乎是(但不完全是)和原子量的顺序相同。(连接两个状语)
- Theory is something but practice is everything. 理论固然重要,但实践尤其重要。(连接两个句子)
- Mercury is in the liquid state, but it is a metal. 汞处于液态,但汞是金属。(连接两个句子)
- Using this simple but scientific method would enable Archimedes to solve such problems. 当时使用这种简单却又是科学的方法常使阿基米德解出了这样一些题。(连接两个定语)
二、but(介词)作“除了……以外”讲(参阅第 42 节)
- I have told everybody but you. 除了你,我谁都告诉了。
- You can't get the book anywhere but here (或 in this bookshop). 除非在这里(或在这家书店),你在任何地方也得不到这本书。
- while carrying the instrument, do not touch any parts but the carrier bars and the bed. 当搬运这台仪器时,除了搬运杆和床座外,其它任何零件都不要碰。
- She was the last but one to arrive. 她是倒数第二个到达的。(句中 but 仍为介词。“除了一个以外的最后一个”正好就是“倒数第二个”。不定式 to arrive 作后置定语。)
- She did nothing but smile at us from beginning to end. 她从头到尾只是对我们微笑。(介词 but 后接动词不定式。当前面动词出现 do 时,不定式前的 to 在 but 后就不用了。)
- If the bird did not find land, it would have no choice but to return to the ship. 如果鸟没有发现陆地,它就别无选择,只有飞回船上。(本句 but 后必须用带 to 的不定式,因为前面没有出现实意动词 do。)
三、nothing but… 和 nothing else but… 的用法(不限于上面第 5、6 例)
- It is nothing but a home computer. 这只不过是一台家用计算机。
- Then I could hear nothing but the roar of aircraft engines. 那时我只能听见飞机引擎呼啸声。
- Lightning is nothing else but an electric spark. 闪电不外乎是电火花而已。
- He is nothing but a college student. 他只是一个大学生。
四、“anything but + …”作“决非…”讲,系由“除了…以外,任何什么都行”,引申过来
- It is anything but a multimedia computer. 这决不是一台多媒体计算机。
- Her French was anything but correct before 1997. 1997 年以前她的法语错误百出。(原义是“…决非正确”。)
- Isn't there anything in your hometown but mountains? 难道你的故乡只有山吗?(意译)
五、“what (who, whose 等疑问词) + but…”表示的意思与“nothing but”,“no one (或 none) but”同义(参阅本节三和六)
- What is coal but a kind of stone? = Coal is nothing but a kind of stone. 煤只是一种石头。(由“煤除了一种石头以外又是什么呢?”引申过来。)
- Who but the workers, student sand teachers of our university can enter the reading-room? = No one (或 None) but the workers… can enter the reading room. 只有我校工人、学生和教师才能进入阅览室。
- Whose fault is it but your own? = It is no one’s fault but your own. 这只是你的过错。
六、“nobody (或 no… 或 none) but + …”作“除了…以外无人(或没有…)…,”讲,如果 but 后接一个从句,这时 but 顶替“关系代词 that + not”
- No one but a naughty boy would have such an idea. 只有淘气的男孩才会有这样一种想法。(原义为“除了淘气的男孩以外,无人会有…”。)
- None but the net friends can enter the club. 只有网友才能进入这个俱乐部。
- I’ll take nobody but Joe to Macao. 我将只带乔去澳门。
- There is scarcely a man but knows of American Inventor Edison. 几乎没有人是不知道美国发明家爱迪生的。(句中 but 等于关系代词 that + not。)
- No college student was there but respected the teachers.(当时)那儿没有一个大学生是不尊敬老师的。
七、“no one (或 none, nothing 等)…so…but…”表示“没有人(或物等)……如此……以致……不……”之意。注意这里 but 虽也相当于 that not,但 that 已不是关系代词,而是连词
- No one (或 Nobody) is so old but he may learn. 一个人无论多老,总是可以学习的。(原义为:没有一个人老到以致不能学习的。)
- There is nothing so difficult but it becomes easy by practice. 无论多么困难的事,通过实践后总可以变为容易的。(原义为:没有如此困难的事,以致通过实践它不能变为容易的。)
- No man is so foolish but he may give another good counsel sometimes. 无论怎样愚笨的人,有时仍能给别人提出忠告。
有时用谓语否定式来代替 no 否定后面的名词,but 仍作 that(连词)not 讲。例如:
- He is not so sick but he can go to school. 他还没有病到不能上学。
本句型结构中 so 修饰后面副词或形容词;若修饰名词,则要用 such 代之。例如下面句 5:
- It was not such a cold night but we could go out. 那天夜里还没有冷到不能外出。
八、“not that… but that…”作“不是……而是(倒是)……”讲。本句型可理解为句首省略了It is。于是,它就变成了另一种强调句型,只是增加了正反对比而已
- (It is) Not that the palmtop is out of order, but that I have not learned to operate it. 不是掌上型电脑出了故障,而是我还没有学会操作。(联系本节第十二条,并注意它们用法上的差别。)
- (It is) Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time to do it. 不是我不喜欢这项工作,而是我没有时间做这项工作。
注:下句的 but that 和本条及本节第十二条中 but that 用法又不同。例如:But that is quite different. 但那是不相同的。
九、"not only… but (also)…" 作“不仅……而且……”讲
- Mr.Wang is not only a worker but (also) a student. 王先生不仅是个工人,而且是个学生。(若不用 also,也可在句末加 as well。)
- The students can not only operate the video cameras with safety but also repair them. 学生们不仅能安全地操作这些摄象机,而且还能修理。
- Not only China, but all the world feels this loss. 不仅中国,而且全世界都感到这种损失。(not only 和 but 连接两个并列的主语。虽然 not only 位于句首,后面主、谓语不必颠倒。)
- Not only is this problem very important, but it is a difficult problem to be solved at once. 这个问题不仅十分重要,而且还是一个难以马上解决的问题。(见下面注释。)
注:注意 not only 和 but 后连接的成分必须是并列的同等成分。当 not only 位于句首并不直接说明主语时,句中主、谓语要采用疑问句格式的颠倒(见上面第 3 句。)
十、but (副词) 作“不过”、“仅”、“只”讲,但较为文气
- It is but a plan. 这仅是一个计划。
- He left but an hour ago. 一小时前他才离开的。
- There is but one web phone in the room. 房间里只有一架网络电话。
十一、“but for + 名词”表示“要不是”、“若没有”之意,一般用于虚构的假设句中
- But for the teacher’s help, we would not have succeeded. 要不是老师的帮助,我们是不会成功的。
- But for air and water, nothing could live. 没有空气和水,什么也活不了。
注:but for… 一般用于虚构的假设,句中要用虚拟语气。注意下列句中 but for 不作“要不是”解,而作“但是对于……”讲。例如:Size and fashion are easily specified for shirts, but for a tea set the terms "size" and "fashion" are not so clear. 对于衬衫来说,尺寸和款式易于规定,但是对于一套茶具来说,“尺寸”和“款式”这两个术语就不明确了。
十二、“but that + 从句” 的用法:一般作“假使……不”解;和疑问词或否定词连用,则本身起否定作用
- But that you helped us, we should have failed. 假使你们不帮助我们,那么我们早就失败了。
- But that he saw it, he could not have believed it. 要不是他亲眼看见,他早就不相信了。
- Who knows but that he will come by and by? 谁知道他不会马上来?
- I do not say but that A will vary with B in a large degree. 我没说 A 不会在很大程度上随 B 而变。
- I can't come, not but that I should like to come. 我不能来,并非不肯来。
- It cannot be but that something will happen. 一定有事情要发生。
十三、but what 表示后面句子是否定意思
- Not a man but what likes to see the film "Titanic". 没有一个人是不喜欢看“泰坦尼克号”影片的。
- Not a day but what it rains. 没有一天不下雨。
- Who knows but (what) it may be so? 或许如此,也未可知。(原义为:“谁知道这也许不是如此呢?“或“谁能说这也许不是如此?”)
- I can't do it; not but what a younger man might be able to do it. 我不能做,但是比我年轻的人也许能做。
十四、but yet 作连词用,当“可是”、“然而”讲
I agree with you, but yet I cannot leave for Beijing at once. 我同意你,可是我不能马上去北京。
十五、all but 作“差不多”、“几乎”讲,在句中作状语
- He all but did these experiments. 他几乎做了这些实验。
- This gas is all but yellow. 这种气体差不多是黄色的。
十六、“be + but (或 only) + too… + 不定式”中,动词不定式意思没有被否定,but too 作“十分”,“非常”讲
I shall be but (或 only) too pleased to do my best in that line of work. 我将非常高兴地尽力做好那方面的工作。
十七、can but 作“只能”讲
- we can but have a try. 我们只能试一试。
- I can but buy the only CD player. 我只能买这名唯一的光盘播放机。
十八、can not but 作“不得不”讲
- I cannot but take care of the pump. 我不得不看管这台泵。
- I cannot but use his telephone directory. 我不得不使用他的电话簿。